APUSH Chapters 2–3 Study Guide

Question and answer flashcards for APUSH Chapters 2 and 3, covering English settlement, regional economic and social structures, labor systems, Indigenous relations, the Enlightenment, and the Great Awakening.

What three main motivations for English colonization are summarized by the acronym P-G-R?

Profit (investors seeking wealth from resources and trade), Politics (competing with other European powers), and Religion (religious groups seeking places to practice their beliefs).

What was the first permanent English settlement in North America, and in what year was it established?

Jamestown, established in 1607 by English settlers sent by the Virginia Company of London

What major cash crop became essential to Jamestown's economy and drove the demand for labor?

Tobacco.

Why was the colony of Maryland established?

Partly as a refuge for English Catholics.

What sequence describes the key APUSH connection chain in the Chesapeake region?

Tobacco → labor demand → indentured servants → slavery → plantation society.

Who founded the Plymouth colony, and what was their primary motivation?

The Pilgrims (Calvinists who believes the Church of England was to corrupted to save), were motivated by religion.

Which religious group largely founded Massachusetts Bay and strongly influenced its government and society?

Puritans (Wanted to purify the Church of England)

Why is Anne Hutchinson a key figure in New England colonial history?

She challenged Massachusetts religious authorities and became associated with greater religious tolerance in Rhode Island.

What was the significance of the Salem Witch Trials? Where were they maily?

Demonstrated tensions within Puritan society in Massechusetts

Which island heavily influenced the development of plantation agriculture in The Carolinas?

Barbados.

What important center in The Carolinas developed as a result of profitable plantation agriculture?

Charles Town.

What were the middle colonies? What were they known for?

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, known for their diverse populations, rich agricultural land, and economic prosperity.

The Dutch colony of New Netherland developed…

New York, it’s capital was New Amsterdam

Which founder and religious group are strongly associated with the colony of Pennsylvania?

William Penn and the Quakers.

What does “Philadelphia” mean?

"City of brotherly love"

What three major conflicts or rebellions involving settlers and Indigenous peoples/authorities are named in Chapter 2?

Pequot War, King Philip's War, and Bacon's Rebellion.

what were the major issues regarding Indigenous Peoples and English Settlers

land disputes, resource competition, and differing cultural practices.

What major Indigenous political organization is highlighted alongside European expansion in Chapter 2?

The Iroquois League.

What four factors drove colonial population growth during the 1700s?

Immigration, high birth rates, population growth within existing families, and the continued arrival of Europeans and Africans.

Who was Eliza Lucas Pinckney, and what was her contribution to colonial history?

She was an important example of a woman involved in plantation management and agricultural development.

How did the economy and society of New England compare to the Southern Colonies?

New England focused on fishing, trade, small farms, and shipbuilding shaped by Puritan influence and family-centered communities, whereas the Southern Colonies focused on cash crops and plantation agriculture with wealthy planters and enslaved labor.

How did indentured servitude differ from race-based chattel slavery?

Indentured servants agreed to work for a set period in exchange for passage and could potentially become free, whereas enslaved Africans were treated as property under a hereditary system with extremely limited legal rights.

What legal statutes were created in the colonies to restrict enslaved people's rights and define them as property?

Slave codes.

What three networks aided transportation and communication in colonial cities?

Taverns, roads/travel, and mail delivery.

What four core principles were emphasized by the Enlightenment?

Reason, observation, science, and individual thought (along with questioning traditional authority).

How did Isaac Newton influence Enlightenment thought?

His scientific discoveries helped encourage people to believe that the natural world could be understood through reason and observation.

What were the primary beliefs of Deists?

They believed in a rational, orderly universe and emphasized reason over traditional religious authority.

Who was a major American figure influenced by Enlightenment thinking?

Benjamin Franklin.

Who were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, and what were their roles in the Great Awakening?

Jonathan Edwards was a preacher who delivered emotional religious messages emphasizing personal experience, and George Whitefield was a famous traveling preacher who helped spread revivalism throughout the colonies.

How does the study guide contrast the core approaches of the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening?

The Enlightenment represented the 'Head' (reason, science, logic, questioning authority through reason), while the Great Awakening represented the 'Heart' (emotion, religious revival, personal faith, questioning established religious authority).