LCD 207 Test 2 ( Julianne's copy)

Articulation

• Modification of airstream by the speech organs.

• The process of joining two elements.

Articulatory system

The system of mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact for shaping the sounds of speech

Source-filter theory

A voicing source is generated by the vocal folds and filtered through the vocal tract, shaped into the sounds of speech.

• Source: vocal folds.

• Filters: pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity.

3 resonating chambers

Pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity

Vocal tract

Network consisting of the larynx, pharynx, and oral/nasal cavities + structures within them

Bernoulli effect

Increased airflow through a constriction = drop in pressure, which causes adduction (closure) of vocal folds

Myoelastic aerodynamic theory

Vocal fold vibration is sustained during phonation due to their elastic properties + aerodynamic forces of air

Sound waves

• Vibrations that travel through the air.

• Produced when air from the lungs passes through the vocal folds.

• Small pressure changes.

• Allow speech to be heard.

Pharynx

• One of the resonating chambers.

• Muscular tube with soft sides.

• Connects nasal and oral cavities.

• Passageway for air, food, and liquids.

• 3 subdivisions.

3 subdivisions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Nasal cavity

• One of the resonating chambers.

• Divided into 2 sections by the nasal septum.

• Extends from the nostrils to the pharynx.

• The bones within filter & warm air.

• Allows for resonance of nasal sounds: /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/.

Oral cavity

• One of the resonating chambers.

• Contains the articulators.

• Extends from the lips to the pharynx.

Faucial pillars / fauces

Pillars at the posterior margin of the oral cavity that connect the mouth to the pharynx

Resonant frequency

The frequency of sound to which the cavity most effectively responds

Mandible

• Lower jaw.

• Unpaired (1) bone — fused by 1st birthday.

• Mobile articulator.

• Horseshoe-shaped with multiple parts.

Corpus

• U-shaped body of mandible.

• The lateral mass.

• Contains the alveolus.

Alveolus

The bony sockets within the corpus where the roots of the teeth are anchored

Angle

The point at which the mandible angles upward

Ramus

• Rhomboidal plate rising up from the angle of the mandible.

• Bilateral.

• Prone to fractures.

Condyle

• Rounded end of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

• Includes the neck and is part of the hinge mechanism of the joint.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

• Joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone.

• Allows for opening and closing of the mouth, chewing, and speaking.

• Formed by the condyle, articular disc, and temporal bone.

• Synovial (highly mobile).

Symphysis menti / mental symphysis

• The point of fusion of the two halves of the mandible.

• Chin area.

Mental foramen

The hole where the trigeminal (V) nerve passes through the mandible

Mylohyoid line

Point where the mylohyoid muscle attaches

Coronoid process

• Bony projection of the mandible.

• Attachment site for muscles facilitating movement (ex: temporalis muscle).

Mandibular notch

• Curved gap between the coronoid process and condyle.

• Allows for the passage of the mandibular branch of CN V and blood vessels.

Maxilla

• Upper jaw.

• Paired (2) bones.

• Contains alveoli.

• Forms anterior ⅔ of hard palate (roof of the mouth), nose, and upper dental ridge.

Cleft palate

• Improper fusion of the hard palate in utero.

• Unilateral or bilateral.

• Common with Pierre-Robinson Syndrome.

Frontal process

• Superior-most portion of the maxillae.

• Articulation with frontal and sphenoid bone.

• Forms the lateral sides of the nasal cavity.

Zygomatic process

• Landmark of the maxillae.

• Connects to the zygomatic bone.

• Forms the zygomatic arch.

• Defines the contour of the face.

Infraorbital margin

• Lower border of the orbit.

• Primarily formed by the maxilla and zygomatic bone.

• Helps define the shape of the eye socket.

Infraorbital foramen

• Conduit for the infraorbital nerve.

• Passage for nerves and blood vessels.

Infraorbital nerve

• Nerve arising from maxillary branch of CN V.

• Provides sensory innervation of lower eyelid, upper lip, and nasal alae.

Nasal crest / anterior nasal spine

• Bony projection at the base of the nasal cavity.

• The two maxilla bones meet at the midline.

Maxillary sinus

• Cavity within the maxilla.

• Has a mucus membrane.

Hard palate

• Anterior ⅔ formed by the maxilla and palatine processes.

• Posterior ⅓ formed by the palatine bones.

• Includes the premaxilla.

Premaxilla

Anterior, triangular portion of the hard palate.

Palatine bones

• Paired L-shaped bones located at the back of the oral cavity.

• Behind the maxilla.

• Help form the hard palate, floor of nasal cavity, and walls of the orbit.

Horizontal plate (palatine)

• Posterior ⅓ of hard palate.

• Horizontal, anterior ⅔ portion of palatine bone.

Perpendicular plate (palatine)

• Vertical portion of palatine bone.

• Forms lateral walls of nasal cavity and part of the orbit.

• Meets with orbital process and sphenoid bone.

Palatine process

• Anterior ⅔ of the hard palate.

• Two processes (right + left) fuse at intermaxillary suture.

• Extensions of the maxilla.

Intermaxillary suture

• Place where two palatine processes fuse.

• Cleft palate occurs on this suture.

Premaxillary suture

• Where premaxilla fuses with maxilla.

• Cleft lip occurs here.

Transverse suture

Connects palatine bones to the maxilla in the hard palate

Incisive foramen

• Located at the midline of the hard palate behind the central incisors.

• Conduit for nasopalatine nerve serving the nasal mucosa.

Nasal bones

• Paired (2) bones that form the bridge of the nose.

• Articulate with frontal bones superiorly, maxillae laterally.

Nasal conchae

• 3 sets of bones in each nostril (6 in total)

• Aid in air filtration and warming.

• Lined with a mucous membrane and cilia.

Superior nasal conchae

• Uppermost nasal conchae.

• Smallest.

• Process of the ethmoid bone.

Middle nasal conchae

• Central nasal conchae.

• Process of the ethmoid bone.

Inferior nasal conchae

• Lowest nasal conchae.

• Located on lateral surface of nasal cavity.

• Independent — not a process of the ethmoid bone.

Vomer

• Midline bone making up the inferior and posterior nasal septum.

• Unpaired (single bone).

• Knife blade-shaped.

• Articulates with sphenoid rostrum and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.

Nasal septum

• Dividing plate between the two nasal cavities.

• Consists of the vomer bone, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and the septal cartilage that extends down to the tip of the nose.

Zygomatic bone

• The cheek bone.

• Paired (right + left).

• Connects to the maxilla to form part of the bony orbit.

Zygomatic arch

• Consists of the temporal process of zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of temporal bone.

• Prone to fractures affecting jaw movement.

• Muscles of mastication feed under it.

Lacrimal bones

• Hidden in the intact skull.

• Articulate with the maxillae, frontal bone, nasal bone, and inferior conchae.

• Make up small portion of the lateral nasal wall.

• Form a small portion of the medial orbit.

Hyoid bone

• U-shaped bone located in the neck, above the larynx and below the mandible.

• Anchor point for the muscles of the tongue and the muscles involved in swallowing and speech.

• Does not articulate directly with any other bone – suspended by muscles and ligaments.

Ethmoid bone

• The “apple core” (physically) of the cranium and facial skeleton.

• Contains many foramina (holes).

• Attached to the superior & middle nasal conchae.

Crista galli

• Vertical projection that protrudes into the cranial cavity.

• Arrowhead-shaped.

• Dominates superior surface of the ethmoid bone.

• Attachment point for falx cerebri.

• Related to the spread of cancer.

Cribriform plate

• Conduit for the olfactory nerve.

• Separates the nasal cavity from the cranial cavity.

• Flattened surface located on each side of the perpendicular plate.

Perpendicular plate (ethmoid)

• Thin, vertical bony structure that extends downward from the ethmoid bone.

• Forms superior part of the nasal septum.

• Helps divide the nasal cavity into right + left halves.

Sphenoid bone

• Bat or butterfly-shaped.

• Bulk of cranial cavity’s floor.

• Composed of a corpus and 3 pairs of processes: greater/lesser wings and pterygoid plates.

Greater wings

• Process of the sphenoid bone.

• Arise from the posterior corpus.

• Make up a portion of the orbit.

Lesser wings

• Process of the sphenoid bone.

• Arise from the corpus and clinoid process.

• Partially cover the optic canal.

Lateral & medial pterygoid plates

• Process of the sphenoid bone.

• Project downward from the greater wing and corpus.

• Serve as attachment points for muscles involved in mastication.

Hamulus

• Hook-like bony projection that extends from the medial pterygoid plate.

• Acts as a pulley for the tendon of the tensor veli palatini.

Stella turcica / hypophyseal fossa

• Saddle-shaped depression on the superior surface of the sphenoid bone’s body.

• Houses the pituitary gland.

Frontal bone

• Unpaired (1) bone.

• Overlie the frontal lobe.

• Forms the forehead.

• Ceiling of bony orbit of eye.

• Articulates with zygomatic bones via the zygomatic process.

• Articulates with the nasal bones via the nasal portion.

• Supraorbital margin provides superior surface of eye socket.

Parietal bone

• Paired (2) bones.

• Overlies the parietal lobe.

• United by the sagittal suture.

• Newborn suture line not hardened.

Temporal bone

• Paired (2) bones.

• Overlies the temporal lobe.

• Extremely dense.

• Houses the auditory system.

• Mandibular fossa articulates with condyle to form the TMJ.

• Includes zygomatic arch and styloid process.

• Separated from the parietal bone by the squamosal suture.

• Divided into 4 portions:

  • Squamous - fan-shaped and thin; roof of external auditory meatus.

  • Tympanic - anterior + inferior walls of external auditory meatus.

  • Mastoid - posterior part of temporal bone.

  • Petrous - includes cochlea and semicircular canals.

Occipital bone

• Unpaired (1) bone.

• Overlies the occipital lobe.

• Makes up the posterior braincase.

• Articulates with the first cervical vertebra (C1 - the atlas).

Squamosal suture

Suture separating the parietal and temporal bones

Coronal suture

Suture separating the frontal bone from the parietal bone

Sagittal suture

Suture separating the right + left parietal bones

Lambdoid suture

Suture separating the parietal and occipital bones

Frontal / metopic suture

Suture separating the two halves of the frontal bone in infants.

Nasopalatine nerve

• Nerve arising from the maxillary branch of CN V.

• Sensory innervation to nasal mucosa of hard palate.

• Sensory to incisive papilla.

Zygomaticofacial nerve

• Nerve arising from the maxillary branch of CN V.

• Sensory innervation to skin over zygomatic bone.

Gingiva

The gum line

Crown

Visible 1/3 of the tooth

Enamel

• Extremely hard surface that overlies the dentin of a tooth.

• Composes the surface of the crown.

Dentin

• Dense tissue that makes up the bulk of a tooth.

• Beneath the enamel and above the pulp.

Pulp

• Heart of the tooth.

• Where the nerve supplying the tooth resides.

Cementum

Thin layer of bone that holds a tooth in its socket

4 types of teeth

1. Incisors

2. Cuspids

3. Bicuspids

4. Molars

Deciduous

Set of baby teeth

Sepsis

Decay (ex: from cavities) goes into the bloodstream

Class I occlusion

Normal bite

Class II malocclusion

Overbite

Class III malocclusion

Underbite

Lips

• Orifice of mouth; external boundary of buccal cavity.

• Composed of muscle, mucous membrane, epithelial tissue.

• Pink due to rich blood supply.

Vermillion zone

Red part of lips visible when closed

Vermillion border

Darker border around lips

Philtrum

• Groove on upper lip.

• Midpoint of cupid’s bow.

Philtrum column

Vertical lines on the side of the philtrum

Columnella nasi

Anterior-most aspect of the septum

Labial frenulum

Attachment for upper and lower lip to the alveolar process

Labial glands

Inner surface of the lip around the orifice

Orbicularis oris

• Muscle that comprises the upper + lower lip.

• Oval ring of fibers.

• Encircles mouth as a sphincter (draw string).

• Unpaired.

• Pucker lips, close mouth, smile, O shape, seal mouth around cup/straw when drinking.

• Many muscles insert into it.

3 muscle fiber orientations into orbicularis oris

1. Transverse

2. Angular

3. Vertical

Transverse orientation

Orientation that pulls lips toward teeth (/i/)