English Across Professions, EMI, Language Policy, and World Englishes Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering specialized English terms across professions, EMI, workplace communication directions, language policy approaches, and World Englishes concepts.

English for Specific Purposes (ESP)

An area of language focus on the particular language needs of learners in academic, professional, or occupational contexts.

English for Occupational Purposes (EOP)

A branch of ESP that focuses specifically on the English needed in the workplace to perform occupational tasks.

Client

A person or organization receiving a service.

Proposal

A plan or suggestion presented for consideration.

Quotation

A statement of the price of a product or service.

Deadline

The final date or time for completing something.

Budget

A plan for how money will be spent.

Revenue

Money earned by a business.

Profit

Money remaining after expenses are paid.

Contract

A formal agreement between parties.

Agenda

A list of topics to be discussed in a meeting.

Stakeholder

A person or group affected by or interested in a business.

Diagnosis

Identification of a medical condition.

Symptom

A change or problem experienced by a patient.

Treatment

Medical care given to manage a condition.

Medication

Medicine used to treat or manage a condition.

Prescription

Written instructions for medicine or treatment.

Dosage

The amount of medicine that should be taken.

Consultation

A discussion with a healthcare professional.

Patient History

Information about a patient's previous health conditions.

Examination

The process of checking a patient's health or condition.

Prognosis

The expected outcome or development of a medical condition.

Plaintiff

A person who brings a case to court.

Defendant

A person or party accused or sued in a legal case.

Clause

A specific part of a legal document.

Liability

Legal responsibility for something.

Evidence

Information or material used to support an idea, claim, or legal case.

Testimony

A statement given by a witness.

Affidavit

A written statement confirmed by oath.

Statute

A written law passed by a legislative body.

Jurisdiction

The authority of a court to hear and decide a case.

Appeal

A request for a higher court to review a decision.

Breach

Failure to follow a legal agreement or obligation.

Destination

A place where tourists travel.

Itinerary

A plan or schedule for a trip.

Accommodation

A place where travelers stay.

Reservation

An arrangement to keep a room, seat, or service for a person.

Attraction

A place or activity that interests tourists.

Tour Guide

A person who leads and provides information to tourists.

Hospitality

The friendly treatment and service provided to guests.

Check-in

The process of registering upon arrival.

Check-out

The process of leaving a hotel and completing the stay.

Excursion

A short trip or visit, usually for enjoyment.

Souvenir

An item kept as a reminder of a place or trip.

Package Tour

A trip that combines several travel services, such as transportation and accommodation.

Analyze

To examine something carefully.

Assess

To evaluate or judge something.

Demonstrate

To show or explain something clearly.

Indicate

To show or point to something.

Examine

To study something carefully.

Findings

Results or discoveries from a study.

Methodology

The methods and procedures used in research.

Implication

A possible meaning, effect, or result.

Limitation

A factor that restricts or affects a study.

Significant

Important or meaningful, especially in a research context.

English Medium Instruction (EMI)

The use of English as the primary language of instruction in subjects other than English, such as science, mathematics, and business, in educational institutions where English is not the native language.

Downward Communication

Communication that occurs when information moves from management or supervisors to employees.

Upward Communication

Communication that occurs when employees communicate information to supervisors or management.

Horizontal Communication

Communication that occurs between coworkers, teams, or departments at the same organizational level.

Diagonal Communication

Communication that occurs between employees from different departments and different organizational levels across traditional organizational lines.

Language Policy

The rules, decisions, and practices that guide how languages are used, taught, recognized, and supported in a society or institution.

Multilingual Context

An environment or situation where two or more languages are regularly used.

Monolingual Approach

A language policy approach that gives primary importance to one language for official communication and education.

Bilingual Approach

A language policy approach that recognizes and uses two languages for specific purposes in education or government communication.

Multilingual Approach

A language policy approach that supports the use of several languages according to situation and purpose across education, government, and communities.

Mother Tongue Support

A policy approach that uses learners' first language as a resource for understanding and learning.

Translanguaging

An approach that allows learners to use different languages from their linguistic repertoire to communicate and support learning.

World Englishes

The different localized varieties of English that are used around the world, reflecting the identities and experiences of their users.

Inner Circle

In Kachru's model, the norm-providing circle where English is traditionally used as a native language (ENL), such as USA, UK, Australia, and Canada.

Outer Circle

In Kachru's model, the norm-developing circle where English has institutionalized roles and is used as a second language (ESL), such as Philippines, India, Singapore, and Nigeria.

Expanding Circle

In Kachru's model, the norm-dependent circle where English is generally learned as a foreign language (EFL) for international communication, trade, and other purposes, such as Japan, China, Korea, and Brazil.

Intelligibility

The listener's ability to recognize the individual words or speech sounds produced by the speaker.

Comprehensibility

The listener's ability to understand the literal meaning of the sentence or message.

Interpretability

The listener's ability to understand the speaker's purpose, tone, or intended meaning, including possible cultural meaning.