APWH Chapter 2, Chapter One: WAYS OF THE WORLD, World History Chapter 1, APWH Chapter 2 Self Test

Which of the following First Civilizations is sometimes referred to as the "mother civilization" of Mesoamerica?

a) Mesopotamia

b) Olmec

c) Norte Chico

d) Aztec

b) Olmec

Which of the following is a feature found in some cities in the First Civilizations?

a) Sewage system

b)Libraries

c) Large farms

d) Theaters

a) Sewage systems

Which of the following describes gender relations in the First Civilizations?

a) Women enjoyed the same rights and privileges as men

b) Women were defined by their relationship to a man

c) Men operated in roles defined as feminine

d) Men were considered inferior to women

b) Women were defined by their relationship to a man

Which of the following shows the relationship between religion and government in the First Civilizations?

a) Farmers were required to turn over a portion of their crop to support city-dwellers

b) The Hebrew scriptures attributed the act of creat to a single male deity, Yahweh

c) The demotion of the goddess resulted from the extension of the power of creation and fertility to male gods

d) Hammurabi claimed that his law code was inspired by the Marduk, the chief god of Babylon

d) Hammurabi claimed that his law code was inspired by the Marduk, the chief god of Babylon

Which of the following human accomplishments emerged with the First Civilizations?

a) Art

b) Village life

c) Writing

d) Agriculture

c) Writing

Which of the following provided the primary economic foundation for civilization?

a) Slavery

b) Agriculture

c) Warfare

d) Writing

b) Agriculture

Which of the following First Civilizations did not rely on grain-based agriculture?

a) Norte Chico

b) Indus Valley

c) China

d) Egypt

a) Norte Chico

Kingship in the First Civilizations often

a) Linked the position of the ruler to the divine

b) Relied exclusively on physical force and coercion

c) Depended on the authority of a written constitution

d) Weakened state and religious institutions

a) Linked the position of the ruler to the divine

Which of the following has been advanced as a possible explanation for the origins for the First Civilizations?

a) The absence of limits on the amount of land that could be cultivated

b) The end of the practice of slavery in a region

c) The emergence of regions where no military elite took shape

d) The need to organize large-scale irrigation projects

d) The need to organize large-scale irrigation projects

In which First Civilization were women recognized as legal equals to men?

a) Mesopotamia

b) Mesoamerica

c) Egypt

d) China

c) Egypt

Which of the following contributed to the declining power of the Egyptian pharaohs by 2400 BCE?

a) Egypt was defeated in a series of wars with invaders from the east

b) Local officials and nobles assumed greater authority

c) Rivalry over land and water created a number of warring city-states

d) Egyptian pharaohs adopted a policy of seclusion

b) Local officials and nobles assumed greater authority

Which of the following is NOT true of the Paleolithic era?

a. The first writing systems developed in this period of human history.

b. Paleolithic people used stone rather than metal tools.

c. Paleolithic people made a living by gathering and hunting, rather than producing food.

d. Paleolithic people developed rituals to help them deal with human existence.

The Correct Answer is A

All EXCEPT which of the following is a source that modern scholars have used to understand Paleolithic peoples?

a. The study of modern Paleolithic peoples for comparison

b. The study of written ritual texts,

c. The study of Paleolithic art, such as cave paintings and engraving

d. The study of Paleolithic remains, such as stone tools and fossils

The Correct Answer is B

The last Ice Age may have helped early gatherer-hunters in which of the following ways?

a. The heavier rainfall of the Ice Age's weather fluctuations made it possible for them to grow crops.

b. Ice served as an important preservative for food, making it possible for them to settle in the same place for extended periods.

c. The cold weather killed off most large mammals that had been predatory on early human beings.

d. The lower sea levels associated with the Ice Age created land bridges, allowing human beings to travel to many regions of the earth.

The Correct Answer is D

Which of the following is generally true of Paleolithic peoples?

a. Paleolithic societies failed to innovate, stubbornly refusing to change in response to new situations or environments.

b. Paleolithic societies regularly rely on trade to secure items needed to survive.

c. Paleolithic societies often develop elaborate and complex outlooks on the world.

d. Paleolithic societies are technologically complex, relying on a surprisingly wide array of tools and weapons made from both stone and metal.

The Correct Answer is C

In what way were the Austronesian migrations to the Pacific Islands NOT distinct from earlier human migrations?

a. They had a significant impact on their new environments, unlike earlier migrants.

b. They were more recent than other migrants, beginning only about 3,500 years ago.

c. They were waterborne, using oceangoing canoes.

d. They were already agriculturists when the migration began.

The Correct Answer is A

All EXCEPT which of the following was a common feature of early gathering and hunting societies?

a. They were small, consisting of bands of 25-50 people

b. They had clearly defined social hierarchies.

c. They were seasonally mobile or nomadic. #

d. Relationships between women and men were far more equal than in later societies.

The Correct Answer is B

In which of the following ways did Paleolithic peoples purposely alter the natural environment?

a. They tamed and kept certain species of animals for their meat and wool.

b. They built walls to protect themselves from wild animals and their neighbors.

c. They cleared fields and planted simple crops.

d. They deliberately set fires to encourage the growth of particular plants.

The Correct Answer is D

Which of the following was NOT a result of the end of the last Ice Age?

a. Humans learned to sew, instead of wearing simple animal skins as clothing.

b. Some gathering and hunting communities established permanent settlements.

c. Society became more unequal, as some people were able to acquire more goods than others.

d. Population grew.

The Correct Answer is A

In what way did the settling down of human populations change the way societies were organized?

a. People became increasingly unequal, as some proved better or more fortunate at accumulating goods.

b. Societies became more complex, as people settled together in larger numbers than before.

c. On the whole, people had to work fewer hours per week, and could devote the time they gained to artistic and technological development.

d. Both a and b.

The Correct Answer is D

In which environment is it most likely that a Paleolithic society would have been able to settle down permanently in villages, while continuing to live from gathering and hunting?

a. Near the sea, because the sea provided a permanent food supply

b. On the edge of a desert, where enemies would be more likely to leave them alone

c. In the mountains, where caves were available for storage and shelter

d. In a forest region, because of the presence of large mammals

The Correct Answer is A

Which of the following is a significant difference between the San and Chumash peoples?

a. Unlike the Chumash, the San settled in permanent small communities.

b. Unlike the San, the Chumash had no distinctions in rank or class.

c. Unlike the San, the Chumash made use of the ocean as an important source of food.

d. Unlike the Chumash, the San tended to acquire significant quantities of goods.

The Correct Answer is C

All EXCEPT which of the following made the Jomon Paleolithic society of Japan different from most Paleolithic societies?

a. The Jomon people relied on a broader range of food sources than most Paleolithic peoples.

b. The Jomon people created some of the world's earliest pottery.

c. The Jomon people were able to settle down in permanent villages, although they remained gatherers and hunters instead of agriculturalists.

d. The Jomon people were the first to invent the bow and arrow.

The Correct Answer is D

Which of the following factors made it more likely that hunting and gathering people would turn to agriculture?

a. Population pressure that placed a heavy demand on the environment

b. Desire to acquire goods

c. Living in settled communities, which made heavier demands on the environment than gathering and hunting could supply

d. a and c only

The Correct Answer is D

Which of the following statements about the San people is FALSE?

a. The San make every effort to prevent pride among themselves, using ceremonies such as "insulting the meat."

b. The lifestyle of the modern San is markedly different from that of earlier Khoisan-speaking Paleolithic peoples of southern Africa.

c. The San have a great deal of leisure time.

d. The San have complex social relationships that include special links between people who share the same name.

The Correct Answer is B

The reason for San unequal gift exchange is

a. to accumulate wealth by making smart choices in what is exchanged.

b. to keep from acquiring too many goods that will then have to be carried around in the desert.

c. to establish lasting trade relationships.

d. to win respect, friendship, and obligation from others.

The Correct Answer is D

Among the San people, the spiritual potency called n/um is important because

a. it counteracts evil influences from the world of the gods and the ancestors.

b. it establishes communion with the supernatural.

c. it brings blessings to the San people.

d. it gives special authority to those who can tap into it.

The Correct Answer is A

All EXCEPT which of the following was a result of the Chumash invention of the planked canoe known as a tomol?

a. The tomol made it possible for the Chumash to support a much larger population through fishing.

b. The tomol brought great prestige and power to the people who built and owned them.

c. Because their use was controlled by women, the tomol led to women gaining a superior position in Chumash society.

d. The creation of the tomol stimulated trade.

The Correct Answer is C

Which of the following Paleolithic societies lived in substantial permanent houses, developed a market economy, and had an elite craft guild?

a. Jomon

b. San

c. Jo/'hansi

d. Chumash

The Correct Answer is D

Which of the following is NOT true of political leadership among the Chumash?

a. Political leadership made peaceful resolution of disputes much more possible.

b. Political leaders drew their power and prestige exclusively from their role as war leaders.

c. Political leaders were owners of seagoing canoes ( tomol).

d. Some political leaders were women.

The Correct Answer is B

In recent decades, some people have celebrated Paleolithic life, on the grounds that

a. Paleolithic peoples enjoyed much greater gender equality.

b. Paleolithic people had an ideal diet of wild plants and animals that is well-suited to human physiology.

c. Paleolithic societies valued sharing and equality rather than competition and materialism.

d. all of the above.

The Correct Answer is D

Which describes a religious or spiritual aspect of Paleolithic culture

A) An outlook that sharply distinguished between the material and spiritual worlds

B) A single belief system based on monotheism and animism

C) A cyclical view of time that emphasized regeneration and disintegration

D) The worship of masculinity, as reflected in universally male images and statues

C)A cyclical view of time that emphasized regeneration and disintegration

The agricultural revolution occurred independently in various parts of the world between

A) 300,000 and 250,000 years ago.

B) 100,000 and 60,000 years ago.

C) 45,000 and 30,000 years ago.

D) 12,000 and 4,000 years ago.

D)12,000 and 4,000 years ago

What was a feature of society during the Paleolithic era

A) High population density

B) Relative egalitarianism

C) Class conflict

D) Widespread slavery

B)Relative egalitarianism

In contrast to the people who migrated to the Americas, the Austronesian migrants to the Pacific islands

A) brought domesticated plants and animals with them.

B) crossed the Bering Strait.

C) returned to their places of origin every year.

D) left their new environments mostly unchanged.

A)brought domesticated plants and animals with them

Which of the following describes a feature of chiefdoms

A) The use of force to ensure obedience from subjects

B) The absence of centralized authority

C) The collection of tribute from commoners

D) The separation of religious and secular power

C)The collection of tribute from commoners

What did migrants to Australia and the Pacific Islands use to get their destination

A) Clovis points

B) Mammoths

C) Land bridges

D) Boats

D)boats

What role did women play in agricultural village societies

A) Women led important rituals and ceremonies.

B) Women rode horses and fought in battles.

C) Women participated in farming and textile work.

D) Women organized irrigation systems and controlled trade.

C)Women participated in farming and textile work

Which of the following was the point of departure for migration to the Americas

A) New Guinea

B) Eastern Siberia

C) Aotearoa

D) Easter Island

B)Eastern Siberia

Which of the following describes both pastoral and agricultural village societies

A) Both were made up of mobile populations that moved frequently.

B) Both were made up of bands of twenty-five to fifty people.

C) Both possessed relatively egalitarian social structures with few social distinctions.

D) Both possessed permanent settlements near the sea.

C)Both possessed relatively egalitarian social structure with few social distinctions

How did the last Ice age affect Paleolithic people

A) Ice served as an important preservative for food, making it possible for them to settle in the same place for extended periods.

B) The cold weather killed off most large mammals that had preyed on early human beings.

C) As the glaciers advanced, humans could easily move into new regions because humankind had originated in cold climates.

D) The lower sea levels associated with the Ice Age created land bridges, allowing human beings to travel to many regions of the earth.

D)the lower sea levels associated with the Ice Age created land bridges allowing human beings to travel to many regions of the earth

Which of the following representing a way the Paleolithic humans shaped their environment

A) They deliberately set fires to encourage the growth of particular plants.

B) They regulated their hunting to avoid the extinction of various large animals.

C) They drove wild animals into new regions to increase their numbers.

D) They regulated the human population to avoid overtaxing the environment.

A)They deliberately set fire to encourage the growth of particular plants

Which of the following offers evidence that Paleolithic peoples were shifting from a nomadic way of life to a more settled lifestyle

A) Extinction of large mammals

B) Increase in the size of tools

C) Elaborate burial sites

D) Global warming

C)Elaborate burial sites

Which of the following is true of both the Paleolithic era and Age of Agriculture

A) The prevalence of female imagery

B) The power of priests

C) The modification of the genetic composition of plants

D) The spread of permanent settlements

A)the prevalence of female imagery

How did the north/south orientation of the Americas affect the unfolding of the Agricultural Revolution in that part of the world

A) Farmers in the Americas developed no grain crop that could sustain large populations.

B) The successful domestication of large mammals by people in the Americas made crop domestication less important.

C) Crops were slow to spread because they had to adapt to different climactic and vegetation zones.

D) Agricultural innovations developed first in Mesoamerica and then spread north and south.

C)Crops were slow to spread because they had to adapt to different climactic and vegetation zones

Which of the following was an important development during the Paleolithic period

A) Humankind created the first alphabet.

B) Humankind migrated to different parts of the world.

C) Humankind established the first civilizations.

D) Humankind developed ironworking technologies.

B)Humankind migrated to different parts of the world

which factor contributed to the Agricultural Revolution

A) A sharp decline in population

B) An increase in the number of large mammals

C) A need for additional food

D) The rise of chiefdoms

C)A need for additional food

which of the following distinguished the Agricultural Revolution in the Americas from the Agricultural Revolution elsewhere

A) The scarcity of animals that could be domesticated

B) A common climatic and vegetation zone

C) High agricultural yields and population density

D) Uniformity of farming practices and techniques

A)The scarcity of animals that could be domesticated

What was the result of agriculture through diffusion and migration

A) The spread of language groups

B) The creation of gathering and hunting societies

C) The strengthening of maritime empires

D) The extinction of pastoral societies

A)the spread of language groups

which of the following explains why some regions did not make the transition to an agricultural way of life

A) There were not enough people to do all the work involved with farming.

B) Farming was considered socially demeaning.

C) Knowledge about farming did not spread beyond the core areas where the Agricultural Revolution had taken place.

D) Environmental conditions were not suitable for farming.

D)environmental conditions were not suitable for farming

which of the following was a result of the Agricultural Revolution

A) The initial human settlement of the earth

B) The invention of the plow

C) Higher risk of disease and famine

D) The decline of trade

C)higher risk of disease and famine

Which of the following explains why conflict was frequent between pastoral societies and agricultural societies

A) Pastoral societies wanted the food crops and manufactured goods produced by agricultural societies.

B) Agricultural societies domesticated animals, but pastoral societies domesticated plants.

C) Agricultural societies sought access to the richer grazing lands controlled by pastoral societies.

D) The animals herded by pastoral societies could be found only in land controlled by agricultural societies.

A)Pastoral societies wanted the food crops and manufactured goods produced by agricultural societies

Which one of the following describes a feature of pastoral societies

A) Village-based horticulture

B) Animal husbandry

C) Intensification of land use

D) Oppression of women

B)animal husbandry

Which form of society during the Age of Agriculture is considered to have a distinct element of inequality

A) Paleolithic societies

B) Pastoral societies

C) Gathering and hunting societies

D) Chiefdoms

D)chiefdoms

What is another name for the Agricultural Revolution

A) Fertile Crescent

B) Neolithic Revolution

C) "Secondary products revolution"

D) Mesoamerica

B)Neolithic Revolution

Which of the following is used as evidence that the earliest humans first emerged in Africa

A) Cave paintings

B) Domestication of plants

C) Processing of ochre

D) Shrine-like buildings

C)Processing of ochre

Humans in the Paleolithic era already had the knowledge to do which of the following

A) Make pottery

B) Harvest wool

C) Ride horses

D) Make wine

A)making pottery

which of the following is the earliest evidence that gathering and hunting peoples were starting to make the transition to agriculture

A) Maize

B) Sickles

C) Canoes

D) Milk

B)sickles

the Clovis culture of North America provides evidence of

A) the beginning of the last Ice Age.

B) warfare between rival tribes.

C) cultural diffusion over a large area.

D) the domestication of animals.

C)cultural diffusion over a large area

which of the following describes a development associated with the migration of Austronesian-speaking people throughout the Pacific

A) The dependence on ice bridges to reach their destinations

B) The emergence of chiefdoms in the regions where they settled

C) The preservation of the ecosystem and natural habitats

D) The egalitarianism of the societies that emerged

B)the emergence of chiefdoms in the regions where they settled

what common feature did pastoral and cultural societies share

A) Organization of society based on kinship

B) Systems of labor based on slavery

C) Preference for male children

D) Inherited positions of power and privilege

A)organization of societies based on kinship

About 12,000 years ago a new global pattern of human life started to unfold as humankind began

a. to migrate and settle outside of Africa.

b. deliberately to cultivate plants.

c. tame and breed wild animals.

d. both b and c.

D (Humans had migrated out of Africa many tens of thousands of years earlier. Around 12,000 BCE the Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution began, which involved both the deliberate cultivation of plants and the taming and breeding of particular animals.)

Agriculture developed separately and independently in

a. sub-Saharan Africa.

b. Europe.

c. India.

d. Australia.

A (Agriculture developed separately and independently in sub-Saharan Africa where, unlike the Fertile Crescent, agriculture took shape in a number of distinct environments.)

The warming period at the end of the last Ice Age helped make agriculture possible by

a. creating generally drier conditions especially in temperate and tropical regions.

b. permitting cereal grasses to flourish.

c. contributing to the flourishing of the large mammals upon which Paleolithic peoples had relied for food.

d. none of the above.

B (The warmer weather created conditions that allowed more wild plants and especially cereal grasses to flourish.)

Which of the following was NOT an outcome of domestication?

a. The impact of human beings on the environment declined.

b. Many plants and animals became reliant on human action or protection to reproduce successfully.

c. Humans consciously directed the process of evolution in both plants and animals.

d. It became impossible for humankind to return to gathering/hunting both because of the loss of skills and the growth in human numbers.

A (Humankind's impact on the environment increased with domestication as humans for the first time sought actively to change rather than simply use what they found in nature. Domestication resulted in humans shaping their environment through the establishment of fields, irrigation networks, and terraced hillsides.)

Which of the following was NOT an outcome of domestication?

a. The impact of human beings on the environment declined.

b. Many plants and animals became reliant on human action or protection to reproduce successfully.

c. Humans consciously directed the process of evolution in both plants and animals.

d. It became impossible for humankind to return to gathering/hunting both because of the loss of skills and the growth in human numbers

C (The development of agriculture in Africa occurred in several widely scattered regions and environments, including the arid Sudan, the highlands of Ethiopia, and forested regions of West Africa.! By contrast, in the Fertile Crescent agriculture began in a relatively small and environmentally homogenous region.)

Which of the following was NOT a challenge to the establishment of agriculture in the Americas as compared to the Afro-Eurasian world?

a. the lack of rich cereal grains to domesticate

b. the lack of other crops with which to supplement a diet of maize

c. the north/south orientation of the Americas

d. the lack of large mammals suitable for domestication

e. the lack of animal-drawn plows

B (Even though maize was not as protein-rich as many cereal grains in the Afro-Eurasian web, Native Americans also grew squash and beans that in conjunction with maize provided a complete protein diet.)

Compared to the Americas, the domestication of animals in southwestern Asia made it easier

a. to fertilize fields.

b. to develop plow technology.

c. to rely less on hunting and fishing.

d. all of the above

D (The domestication of large mammals in Southwest Asia shaped the development of agriculture in profound ways as such animals provided an important source of power for plowing and carting, an excellent source of fertilizer through their manure, and a reliable source of protein, which reduced the need to hunt or fish.)

The spread of agriculture through diffusion and migration

a. resulted in the spread of language groups.

b. always benefited the gather-hunter peoples with whom migrants came into contact.

c. resulted in India receiving crops only from Southwest Asia.

d. resulted in the widespread dissemination of crops from New Guinea.

A (The spread of agriculture from Southwest Asia resulted in the spread of Indo-European languages into Europe, Central Asia, and India. Similarly, the Bantu language spread with Bantu migrations in sub-Saharan Africa and the Austronesian languages spread with migration from what is now southern China into the Philippine and Indonesian islands. Later, Austronesian languages spread further to the uninhabited islands of the Pacific and to Madagascar.)

Gatherer-hunter societies most often succeeded in resisting the encroachment of agricultural societies in which of the following environments?

a. arctic environments

b. desert environments

c. regions of particular natural abundance

d. all of the above

D (Arctic and desert environments are ill suited to agriculture. Regions of particular natural abundance, such as southern California, could also maintain gatherer-hunter cultures because intensive agriculture was not required to deal with growing human populations.)

Early agricultural people

a. uniformly enjoyed a greater life expectancy than gatherer-hunters.

b. didn't suffer from famines.

c. suffered from deadly diseases caught from domesticated animals.

d. had more leisure time than their gatherer-hunter counterparts.

C (Some of the most deadly diseases in human history crossed from domesticated animals to humans including smallpox, flu, measles, chicken pox, malaria, tuberculosis, and rabies. Moreover, humans in agricultural societies lived in denser concentrations leading to the first epidemics in human history.)

Which of the following technologies was NOT first developed by Neolithic peoples?

a. creation of pottery

b. stone axes and scrapers

c. weaving of textiles

d. metallurgy

B (Composite tools were first created during the Paleolithic era, whereas the arts of pottery-making, weaving, and metallurgy all developed in the Neolithic period.)

The "secondary product revolution"

a. occurred in both the eastern and western hemispheres.

b. refers to the development of new tools made of metal.

c. involved new uses for domesticated animals.

d. began in 10,000 BCE.

C (The "secondary product revolution" involved new uses for domesticated animals, beyond their meat and hides. These new products included milk, wool, and the use of manure for fertilizer. Moreover, some animals were used for power and transportation.)

The Agricultural Revolution

a. lessened the impact of humans on the natural environment.

b. resulted in a uniform improvement in the health of the population.

c. resulted in significant technological developments.

d. lessened the impact of smallpox and other diseases on the human population.

C (The Agricultural Revolution resulted in a number of technological developments in the fields of metallurgy, textile weaving, and pottery production.)

Agricultural village societies

a. were usually organized in terms of kinship groups or lineages.

b. formed through the leadership of strong kings and aristocracies.

c. developed hierarchical societies with large disparities between elites and commoners.

d. formed a strong sense of patriarchy in which men dominated trades and positions of authority.

A (Villages were usually organized in terms of kinship groups or lineages that incorporated large numbers of people well beyond the immediate or extended family. These relationships could be real or mythical.)

Which of the following statements is NOT true of chiefdoms?

a. Chiefdoms included inherited positions of power and privilege.

b. Chiefdoms were widespread among the Polynesian peoples of the Pacific islands.

c. Leaders in chiefdoms relied on generosity, gift-giving, or personal charisma for authority.

d. The Igbo and the Tiv of West Africa were organized as chiefdoms.

D (The Igbo and Tiv were examples of agricultural village societies, lacking the formal political organization of chiefdoms.)

The unique feature of the chiefdom (as compared to a stateless agricultural village) that was replicated, elaborated, and assumed to be natural in all later states and civilizations was

a. the distinction between elite and commoner based on charisma.

b. the distinction between elite and commoner based on achievement.

c. the distinction between elite and commoner based on birth.

d. none of the above

C (The critical feature that both separated chiefdoms from stateless agricultural village societies and foreshadowed later states and civilizations was the establishment of inherited positions of power and privilege.)

The Agricultural Revolution resulted in

a. the growing power of humans over many other species of plants and animals.

b. greater social distinctions between people than before.

c. an unprecedented increase in the human population.

d. all of the above

D (The Agricultural Revolution had a major impact in all of these areas.)

Pastoral societies differed from agricultural village societies in all of the following ways EXCEPT

a. pastoral societies relied more heavily on animals.

b. pastoral societies benefited from exchanges with agricultural societies, but agricultural societies did not benefit from exchanges with their pastoral counterparts.

c. agricultural village societies were more prevalent in the Americas than pastoral societies.

d. pastoral societies were more mobile than agricultural societies.

B (Although conflict between pastoral and agricultural peoples did erupt at times, peaceful exchanges of technologies, ideas, products, and people also occurred benefiting both sides.)

Diffusion

a. refers to the taming and changing of plants and animals by humans.

b. refers to the securing of more food and resources from a smaller area of land than was possible with a gathering and hunting technology.

c. refers to the slow colonization of new lands by agricultural peoples as growing populations and pressures to expand pushed them outward.

d. refers to the gradual spread of the techniques of agriculture, and perhaps the plants and animals themselves, without the extensive movement of agricultural people.

D (Diffusion is one of the two most important ways in which agriculture spread during the Neolithic period. The other was migration, which spread agriculture through slow colonization of new lands by agricultural peoples as growing populations and pressures to expand pushed them outward.)

Domestication

a. refers to the taming and changing of plants and animals by humans.

b. refers to the securing of more food and resources from a smaller area of land than was possible with a gathering and hunting technology.

c. refers to the slow colonization of new lands by agricultural peoples as growing populations and pressures to expand pushed them outward.

d. refers to the gradual spread of the techniques of agriculture, and perhaps the plants and animals themselves, without the extensive movement of agricultural people.

A (Domestication was a central part of the new relationship between humankind and other living things. Domestication allowed men and women not simply to use nature but to change it actively. Selective breeding created a new kind of mutual dependence between domesticated plants and animals and the humans who raised, protected, and used them.)