Anatomy 207 - Exam 1

Integumentary system

Skin, hair, nails,

sweat & oil

glands

• Protection,

temp. regulation

Skeletal system

~206 bones,

cartilage, ligaments

• Protect, support,

blood cell

production, mineral

storage

Muscular System

Movement of bones, heat production, 700+ muscles

Nervous

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, communication via electrical signals

Endocrine System

Communication via hormones, glands

Cardiovascular System

Heart and blood vessels, pump blood and distribute materials

Lymphatic System

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils. Immunity, fluid balance

Respiratory system

Lungs, trachea, larynx, diaphragm, gas exchange.

Digestive

Break down and absorb nutrients

Urinary

Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, filter blood, remove wastes

Reproductive

Produce gametes and sex hormones.

What are organs that belong to more than one system?

pancreas (digestive and endocrine), testes/ovaries (reproductive and endocrine), kidneys (urinary and endocrine), pharynx (digestive and respiratory), liver (digestive and circulatory/excretory), and lungs (respiratory and excretory)

Describe anatomical position

Arms at the side of the body, palms facing forward, feet together facing forward.

Anterior and Posterior

Ventral (front)

Posterior (dorsal)

Proximal and Distal

On extremity (limbs).

• Proximal: closer to the trunk

• Distal: further from the trunk

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane that makes two left and right portions of the body

Midsagittal Plane

Vertical plane right down the midline, two equal left and right halves

Parasagittal Plane

Vertical plane that makes two unequal left and right portions

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Vertical plane that divides the anterior and posterior portions

Transverse Plane

Horizontal plane that divides body into superior and inferior

Axial vs Appendicular body region

Axial: head, neck, torso

Appendicular: extremities

Torso Regional Terms

Cephalic: head

• Cervical: neck

• Thoracic: chest

– Axillary: armpit

– Sternal: sternum

– Mammary: breast

• Abdominal: abdomen

• Pelvic: between the

abdomen and thighs

• Pubic: location of pubic hair

(slightly superior to groin)

Arm Regional Terms

Acromial: shoulder

• Brachial: upper

arm

• Antebrachial:

forearm

• Antecubital:

anterior elbow

• Carpal: wrist

• Manus: hand

Leg Regional Terms

Coxal: Hip

• Femoral: thigh

• Patellar: anterior

knee

• Crural: leg (lower

half)

• Tarsal: ankle

• Pedal: foot

Posterior Regional Terms

Olecranal:

posterior elbow

• Popliteal:

posterior knee

• Sural: calf

• Calcaneal: heel

• Vertebral:

posterior midline

• Gluteal: butt

What are the two internal body cavities?

• Posterior (Dorsal)

  • Cranial Cavity (skull and brain)

  • Vertebral Canal (spinal cord made by vertebrae)

• Anterior (Ventral)

  • Thoracic Cavity

    • Pleural Cavity (lateral cavity and houses lungs)

    • Mediastinum (between the two pleural cavities, house the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, trachea)

  • Abdominoplevic Cavity

    • Abdominal Cavity: superior to hip bones (digestive system, kidney, ureters

    • Pelvic cavity: inferior to hip bones (bladder, urethra, internal reproductive organs

Parietal vs Visceral Layer

• part of serous membranes (double layered membrane)

• Parietal: lines internal wall

• Visceral: covers external surface of organs within the cavity

• Serous Cavity: space between parietal and visceral

• Serous Fluid: within serous cavities and lubricates organs as they move.

Pericardium

Pericardium: Serous

membranes of the heart

contained within the

mediastinum

– Parietal Pericardium:

outermost layer that forms

sac around the heart

– Visceral Pericardium:

forms the external surface

of the heart

– Pericardial Space: space

between the visceral and

parietal pericardium

Peri-: around

Cardio-; -cardium: heart

Pleura

Pleura: serous

membranes of the lungs

contained within the

pleural cavity.

– Parietal Pleura: lines

internal surface of

thoracic cavity

– Visceral Pleura: covers

lung surface

– Pleural Space: space

between parietal and

visceral pleura

Peritoneum

Peritoneum: serous

membrane of the digestive

organs contained within the

abdominopelvic cavity.

– Parietal Peritoneum: lines the

internal walls of the

abdominopelvic cavity

– Visceral Peritoneum: covers

the external surface of the

internal organs

– Peritoneal Space: space

between the parietal and

visceral peritoneum

Cell Theory

All living organisms are made of cells

Cell Function

Function:

• Transportation

• Movement

• Storage

• Immune protection

• Sensation

• Reproduction

37 Trillion in adult human, 200 different types

Hypothetical Cell

Made of many different cell types, not all cells have the same structures (more or less)

Major cell component categories

Plasma Membrane: external barrier

Genetic Material: hereditary components
Cytoplasm: Internal organelles (the rest)

Plasma Membrane

• Controls what enters and leaves

• Made of phospholipid bilayer

  • Phospholipids (70%)

  • Cholesterol (20%) In hydrophobic regions to stabilize and strengthen cell membrane in temp extremes

  • Glycolipids (5-10%) lipids with carbs, outer layer of cell membrane, helps cell recognition

• Semipermeable

What are external structures on a cell?

Proteins:

• Integral: Embedded within or across the bilayer (channels, receptors or enzymes)

• Peripheral: Attached loosely to either side (enzymes)

Microvilli:

• Very short, inc. surface area for absorption (small intestine/kidneys)

Cilium (Cilia):

• Short hair like with internal cytoskeleton

• Creates currents to move substance past the cell (respiratory and oviducts)

Flagellum (flagella):

• Tail structure

• Moves the cell

• Sperm

What are the components the nucleus?

Nuclear Envelope: double membrane boundary that controls flow of material between nucleus and cytoplasm.

Nucleolus: in nucleus composed of chromatin (dna), rna, and proteins, produces rRNA

Chromatin: DNA and proteins that make up nucleus contents: condenses into chromosomes during cell division.

Nuclear Pores: small holes or passageways in nuclear membrane that allow movement of substances

Chromatin vs Chromosomes

Chromatin is histones and beads on a string while chromosomes is tightly packed.

What is cytoplasm?

Cytoplasm: all cellular contents besides membrane and nucleus.

Cytosol: semi-fluid gel held within the cell membrane. A component of cytoplasm that provides support to internal cell structures.

Cytosol + Organelles = cytoplasm

Rough ER

• studded with ribosomes and processes proteins

Smooth ER

• Synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids, detox drugs, alc, and poison

Golgi Apparatus

package and ship proteins and lipids (stack of 6 pancakes)

Vesicle

Small sac that fuses with other membranes, trasportation, can release substance outside of a cell, comes from golgi mostly

Mitochondrion

Cristae: innerfolded membrane

Matrix: fluid in membrane

Uses aerobic cellular respiration

converts carbs and oxygen to water c02 and atp

Lysosome

Autophagy: digest and remove waste products and damaged organelles within cell

Autolysis: release enzymes in a dying cell to digest the cell

Types of Cell transport

Passive: Movement along concentration gradient no ATP

Active: Against conc. gradient, needs ATP

• Endocytosis: Membrane surrounds substance and eats it. Phagocytosis is eating large particles, pinocytosis is drinking droplets of fluid

• Exocytosis: Large molecules in membrane bound vesicle travels to membrane and released

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, Transition Reaction, Citric acid cycle, ETC

Respiration = Gas exchance, not breathing

Fermentation

Breakdown glucose without oxygen, only makes 2 ATP