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Hierarchy of Living Organisms
The organization of the human body from the atomic level to the macro collection of body systems.
Chemical Level
The most basic level that includes atomic arrangement to form macromolecules such as proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids.
Cellular Level
The level at which collections of biochemicals form a cell.
Tissue Level
The level where groups of similar cells work together to perform a particular function.
Organ Level
The level where structures composed of two or more different types of tissues work together.
Body Systems
Systems comprising groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions.
Eukaryotic Cells
Complex cells characterized by the presence of organelles.
Prokaryotic Cells
Simple cells without a nucleus or organelles.
Macromolecules
Large molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids formed from smaller units.
Neurons
Specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit signals.
Muscle Cells
Cells that contract to enable movement.
Epithelial Cells
Cells that cover the body surfaces and line cavities.
Red Blood Cells
Cells responsible for transporting oxygen in the bloodstream.
Endocrine Glands
Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine Glands
Glands that secrete substances through ducts to external surfaces.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism.
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical processes in the body, including catabolic and anabolic reactions.
Differentiation
The process by which unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells.
Reproductive System
The system involved in producing new individuals.
Cardiovascular System
The system that includes the heart and blood vessels, responsible for transporting blood.
Lymphatic System
The system that helps defend against pathogens and maintains fluid balance.
Respiratory System
The system responsible for gas exchange between the body and the environment.
Digestive System
The system involved in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.
Urinary System
The system that filters blood and produces urine to waste removal.
Integumentary System
The system that includes the skin and its associated structures.
Nervous System
The system that controls body functions through nerve impulses.
Positive Feedback
A feedback mechanism that enhances or increases changes; often accelerates processes.
Negative Feedback
A feedback mechanism that counteracts changes, maintaining homeostasis.
Glycolysis
A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce ATP.
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate, the energy currency of cells.
Ribosomes
Molecular machines where protein synthesis occurs.
Mitochondria
Organelles responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
Cytoplasm
The gel-like substance between the plasma membrane and the nucleus where cellular processes occur.
Plasma Membrane
A selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
Gene Expression
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, usually a protein.
Transcription
The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
Translation
The process of synthesizing proteins from RNA.
Cell Diversity
The variety of cell types in the body that allows for specialization and functionality.
