Psych 101 Ch 1-3

Wilhelm Wundt

Founder of psychology. First Laboratory and Journal

Edward Titchner

founder of structuralism and Introspection

Struralism

how identified conscious components relate

Introspection

Systematic inspection of consciousness

William James

Founder of Functionalism, stream of consciousness

Functionalism

Psychology investigating the functions of consciousness, the why and how

Stream of consciousness

flow of thoughts

Sigmund Freud

freaky guy into psychoanalysis and the unconscious, approached from treating mental disorders

Unconscious

Thoughts memories and desires that influence behavior without the awareness of the conscience

Psychoanalysis

Explains personality motive and mental disorders via the unconscious

John Watson

Behaviorism guy, all nurture, everyone else should have studied just behavior too

Behaviorism

Only studies behavior

Behavior

Observable response from organisms

B.F Skinner

Believed the internal mind cannot be studied, predestination, behavior has lawful principals

Carl Rogers/ Abraham Maslow

Humanism dudes, Humans aren't animals

Humanism

Unique qualities, freedom and personal growth

Life stages

First applied was clinical psychology then jobs: School, Industrial/Organizational, Counseling

Cognition

Process of brain get knowledge

Cognitive Theorists

Must include mental internal events to understand behavior

Evolutionary Psychology

Behavior resulting from past generations' survival benefits, Behavior is passed down like anatomy

Positive Psychology

Adaptive, creative, fulfilling, Subjective Experience, Individual traits, Inuitions, and communities

Psychiatry

Medicine

Clinical Psychiatry

No Medicine

7 unifying themes

Empiricism, Theoretically Diverse, Evolves with social history, Multiple causes for behavior, Cultural Heritage, Nature AND Nurture, Experiences are non-universal

Empiricism

Knowledge acquired through objective observation

Theoretically Diverse

system of related ideas to explain behaviors

Evolves w society

Society and history impact psychology

Multiple causes for behavior

there are multiple causes for behavior

Heredity and Envirornemnt

Nature and nurture both impact behavior

Experience is subjective

Your experiences are not universal

Measurement/Description

Measurement technique that makes it possible to describe behavior

Understanding and prediction

hypothesis and variables

Application and control

Theory is a system of ideas to explain observations

Operational Definition

Describes actions taken to control variables

Participants

People/Animals whose behavior is being studied

Data collection techniques

Direct Observation, Questionaries, interviews and psychological tests

Journal

Publishes technical and scholarly material in a specific field

Experiment

Manipulate variable, observe changes (cause and effect)

Independent Variable

X

Dependent Variable

Y

Extraneous Variable

External Variable that changes and is relevant

Confounding of variables

Difficult to understand relationships between variables that are relevant

Random Assignment

All participants have an equal chance of being control or experimental

Positive Correlation

2 variables change in the same direction

Negative Correlation

2 Variables change in opposite directions

correlation coefficient

-1 to 0 is Negative, 0 to 1 is Positive

Naturalistic Observation

Observes subjects in a real envirornment

Reactivity

they **** up the study by being there

Case study

One case, subjective, biased

Survey

Questionnaire

Sample

Subjects from population

Population

Where the sample comes from, what they want to study

Sampling Bias

When the sample does not reflect the population

Social Desirability Bias

I lied bc I wanna look normal teehee

Other sillies

I don't understand, question order, I forgor, I love agreeing/disagreeing

Halo Effect

Overall evaluation effects more specific evaluation, like hotties

double blind procedure

Neither subjects nor observers know who is in control or experimental groups

Replication

Repeat study see if happens again

Meta-analysis

Cross reference studies asking the same question

Nueron

Cells in the nervous system that receive transmit and integrate info

Soma

Neuron Body, contains nucleus and chemical machinery

Dendrite

Branches of neurons, specialized receivers. like the base

Axon

Thin, long, travels to other neurons, transmits information to muscles and glands

Myelin Sheath

Insulates and encases axons, foreskin

Terminal Button

Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete neurotransmitters

Synapse

Junction where info is transmitted

Glia

Cells throughout the nervous system that provide support for nuerons

Neural impulse

Signal from Neuron stimulation

Resting Potential

Neuron stable, negative charge when activated

Action Potential

Brief shift in a neurons electric charge that travels on axons

Absolute Refractory Period

Minimum Length of time between Action potentials

Synaptic Cleft

Microscopic gap between terminal button and cell membrane of another

Presynaptic Neuron

Signal across gap

Postsynaptic Neuron

Receives the signal

Nuerotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit Info from neuron to neuron

Excitatory PSP

a positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials

Inhibitory PSP

a negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials

Reuptake

Process in which neurotransmitters are soaked up from the synaptic cleft to the presynaptic membrane

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers skeletal muscle contraction

Monoamines

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

GABA

An amino acid that produces only inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Endorphins

Internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in affect and structure

Central Nervous System

Brain + Spinal cord, connects to the peripheral nervous system. Axons carry commands to the PNS (nice) and senses

Nerves

bundles of neuron fibers that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic + Autonomic, all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Somatic

Nerves connecting to the voluntary skeletal mucles

Autonomic

Made up of nerves that connect to the heart blood vessels smooth muscles and glands

Lesioning

Involves destroying brain piece

Electrical Stim (ESB)

Weak current of electricity used to stimulate the brain

Computerized Tomagraphy

Computer enhanced Xray of the brain

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Magnets radio and computer map of brain

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Radioactive markers used to map brain activity over time

function Magnetic Resonance Tomography (fMRI)

Blood flow and Oxygen Concentration focused

Hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Midbrain / Reticular Formation

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.

Forebrain

thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system

Forebrain: Cerebrum edition

Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Hemispheres, Corpus Coliseum

Medulla

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

Pons

Connects the brain stem to the cerebellum, responsible for sleep and arousal

Cerebellum

Coordination, Movement, Equillibrium