BIO 1: IVC (All Terms)

life

Life is:

1. Made of cells

2. Evolves (Different from transforms, evolution is a DNA change)

3. Requires energy/has metabolism

4. Utilizes reproduction (either sexual or asexual)

5. Maintains homeostasis

6. Responds to stimulus

control

an experimental feature that accounts for the effects of a non-experimental variable.

Experiment

a set of controlled experiences designed to test a hypothesis

empirical

Data relying on the senses or sensory observation

Hypothesis

An idea or educated prediction based on prior knowledge that is scientifically testable.

Theory

A set of statements, based on repeated scientific facts that act to describe, explain, or predict aspects of a given phenomenon

Deductive reasoning

A set of existing premises is used to produce a new premise

Inductive reasoning

A set of individual instances is used to form a new premise.

Element

Substances that cannot be broken down into substances by ordinary chemical means.

Molecule

Two or more chemically joined atoms.

Substance

Forms of matter that have identifiable physical or chemical properties.

Compound

Substances made up of a fixed ratio of elements

Electrolyte

A biologically useful ion

Valence

The outermost shell of an atom

Chemical bond

The sharing or transfer of electrons between two or more atoms.

Radiation

The emission of the sub-atomic particles from an unstable nuclei. (in either alpha, beta, or gamma)

Hydrogen bonds

A weak electronegative attraction between the partially positive charged hydrogen of one molecule and a partially negative charged atom of another molecule.

Non-polar covalent bonds

Even sharing of electrons between elements in a covalent bond

Polar covalent bond

uneven sharing of electrons between elements in a covalent bond

Ionic bond

results from the electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charges

Organic molecules

Molecules comprised of one or more carbon to carbon bonds

Isomer

Molecules with the same chemical content but different structural arrangement

Amphipathic

a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Saturated fats

Have single bonds and have straight chains that are stackable which means that they are solid at room temperature. They are most likely from animal sources.

Unsaturated fats

Have some double bonds which mean that they don't have straight chains and are unsackable and in an oily liquid form at room temperature. Most likely from plant sources.

Cis configuration

hydrogen on the same side up

Trans configuration

hydrogen bonds are on opposite sides

Primary structure of protein

Shape: Linear chain sequence of amino acids

Bonds: Peptide bonds

Secondary structure of protein

Shape: Helices, pleated sheets, Random coiling

Bonds: hydrogen bonds

Tertiary structure of protein

Shape: Globule, fiber

Bond: sulfur bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophilic and hydrophobic attractions.

quaternary structure of a protein

Shape: Compound polypeptide (2 or more put together)

Bond: sulfur bonds, ionic, covalent bonds

Polarity

an axial distribution of charge

Heat

The total molecular motion or kinetic energy in a system

Temperature

The average heat or a molecular motion of a system

Electronegativity

The ability to attract electrons in a covalent bond

Cohesiveness

The ability of a substance to stick to itself

Evapotranspiration

The movement of water from root to leaf

Adhesiveness

The ability of a substance to stick to similar substances

Solvent

A liquid that dissolves particles

Solute

The collection of particles that are dissolved in the solution

Solution

Consists of a solvent and a solute

First law of thermodynamics

Energy can be converted from one form to another but can never be created nor destroyed

Second law of thermodynamics

Every time the energy is converted, some of it is converted into a less organized form (usually heat). Entropy always increases in a closed system

Energy

The capacity to do work

Calorie

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C

Photon

A near massless particle of light that can function both as a particle and as a wave.

Heterotroph (Consumer/Decomposer)

Organisms that obtain carbon by consuming pre-existing organic molecules (animals)

Autotroph (Producer)

Organisms use inorganic substances such as water and CO2 to produce organic compound (plants)

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

energy-carrying biological molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities

Variable

changable factors that can influence the outcome.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Atoms

The collection of protons and neutrons gathered in a nucleus, surrounded by electrons.

Cell

The basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

Homeostasis

The process by which a living organism maintains a stable internal environment.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

Hydrophobic

Substances that repel or do not mix with water.

Hydrophilic

Substances that have an affinity for water and dissolve easily in it.

Peptide bond

The covalent bond formed between two amino acid molecules during protein synthesis.

Monomer

A small molecule that can react chemically with other molecules to form a polymer.

Polymer

A large molecule made up of repeating structural units (monomers) connected by covalent bonds.

Acid

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water, having a pH less than 7.

Base

A substance that accepts hydrogen ions or releases hydroxide ions (OH-), having a pH greater than 7.

Producer

Organisms, like plants and algae, that produce their own food from inorganic sources.

Consumer

Organisms that must eat other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients.

Decomposer

Organisms, like fungi and bacteria, that break down dead matter and recycle nutrients.

Primary Consumer

Herbivores that feed directly on producers.

Secondary Consumer

Carnivores or omnivores that feed on primary consumers.

Scientific Method Steps

1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Analysis 6. Conclusion

Independent Variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated by the researcher.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed to assess the effect of the treatment.

Why do organisms need to maintain homeostasis?

To keep internal conditions stable and optimal for metabolic enzymes and cellular functions despite external changes.

What do trees need from us and what do we need from them?

Trees need carbon dioxide from us for photosynthesis; we need oxygen and organic compounds from them.

What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

To convert light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules like glucose.

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

Reactants: Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Products: Glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).

How do the light reactions and the Calvin cycle cooperate in photosynthesis?

Light reactions produce ATP and NADPH; the Calvin cycle uses them to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar.

Calvin Cycle

A light-independent metabolic pathway that fixes carbon dioxide into sugar.

Location of the Calvin Cycle

The stroma of the chloroplast.

Three phases of the Calvin Cycle

1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration of RuBP.

RuBisCO

The enzyme that catalyzes the primary carbon-fixing step of the Calvin cycle.

What is RuBP (Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate)?

The five-carbon molecule that carbon dioxide binds to during fixation.

What is 3-PGA (3-phosphoglycerate)?

The first stable three-carbon compound produced in carbon fixation.

What is the source of energy for 3-PGA phosphorylation?

ATP from the light reactions.

What is the source of electrons for reduction in the Calvin Cycle?

NADPH from the light reactions.

What is G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)?

The primary three-carbon sugar output of the Calvin cycle.

How many G3P molecules are needed to make one glucose?

Two G3P molecules.

How many Calvin cycle turns are required for one net G3P?

Three turns.

How many Calvin cycle turns are required for one glucose molecule?

Six turns.

What is the ATP cost for one glucose molecule?

18 ATP.

What is the NADPH cost for one glucose molecule?

12 NADPH.

What is the fate of remaining G3P in the Calvin cycle?

They are recycled to regenerate RuBP.

Why is the Calvin Cycle called light-independent?

It does not directly require light, but uses products of light reactions.

What are the levels of biological organization in ascending order?

Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere.

What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

What is an organ?

A structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a specific activity.

What is an organ system?

A group of organs working together to perform major body functions.

What is an organism?

An individual living thing that can react, reproduce, and maintain homeostasis.

What is a population?

A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area.

What is a community?

All the different populations of species that live and interact in the same area.

What is an ecosystem?

A community of organisms interacting with their physical, non-living environment.

What is the biosphere?

The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships; the zone of life on Earth.