Studied by 6 people
Centric (circle shaped) or Pennate (pen shaped)
Large Cells
May Form Long Chains
Diatoms
Possess two flagella
Very large cells
Hetero- or phototrophic
Dinoflagellates
Very small cell size
Majority of phytoplankton biomass
Primitive species
Cyanobacteria
Average size flagellated cells
Numerous genera/species
Microflagellates
Amoeba that form silica exoskeletons
Radiolaria
Amoebic protists that inhabit shells composed of calcium carbonate
Foraminifera
Type of Meso- and Macrozooplankton that uses spikes and spears to consume prey
Copepods
Macrozooplankton related to Shrimp
Euphausiid(ae) (Krill)
Macrozooplankton that listen to their prey and spear them when nearby
Arrow Worms
Megalozooplankton that collect prey through stinging or sticky cells
Ctenophores and salps
Crab larvae, polychaete larvae, barnacle cyprid, & ichtyoplankton are all types of…
Meroplankton
Deep-sea polychaete worm found only in the extreme heat of hydrothermal vents feeding on chemosynthetic bacteria
Pompeii worms
Bore into the bones of whale to feed on lipids and other nutrients. Related to hydrothermal vent worms
Osedex
New sea floor is created at
Spreading centers (mid-ocean ridges)
Plate tectonics are driven by
Gravity (ie. density differences)
Boundary between two tectonic plates moving away from each other
Divergent
Boundary between two tectonic plate colliding into each other
Convergent
Boundary between two tectonic plates sliding against each other
Transformative
Sea floor is destroyed at these ocean trenches
Subduction zones
Primary force of ocean currents
Pressure gradient
Three secondary forces of ocean currents
Coriolis; Wind; Gravity
Variation in pressure over a distance of space
Pressure gradient
Flows parallel to isobars, modified by the Coriolis Effect
Geostrophic Flows
As friction pulls on the surface of the sea, ocean water twists until the deep water is flowing in separate directions than the surface water
Ekman Spiral
Areas of high water pressure slightly bulge above the surface of the sea
Ocean mounds
Replacement of surface water with deep water at continental shelves
Upwelling
Great Ocean Conveyor supplies the deep-sea with oxygen and carbon dioxide
Thermohalean circulation
Upwelling is significant because it
Brings cold, nutrient rich water from the deep ocean to critical coastal locations
The primary driver of ocean salinity
Rivers
Quantity of dissolved solids in seawater
Salinity
Density increases as temperature __ and as salinity __
Decreases; increases
Strong, vertical layering of seawater that prevents mixing
Stratification
Temperature __ as ocean depth increases
Decreases
Salinity __ as ocean depth increases
Increases
Nutrient content __ as ocean depth increases
Increases
Dissolved oxygen __ as ocean depth increases
Decreases until the Oxygen Minimum zone, then increases
Three primary marine nutrients
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Iron
Photosynthetic equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Redfield ration (total amount of organic molecules in an ecosystem)
106 C : 16 N : 1 P
Nitrite
NO2-
Nitrate
NO3-
Ammonium
NH4+
Rate of creation of food
Productivity
Total rate of productivity produced by (a) phytoplankton
Gross primary productivity (GPP)
Total rate of productivity produced by (a) phytoplankton after respiration
Net primary productivity (NPP)
Total rate of productivity exhibited by the whole food web after respiration
Net ecosystem productivity (NEP)
Diploids that divide through mitosis
Divide until too small, then undergo sexual reproduction (meiosis)
Diatom life cycle
Haploids that produce long-lasting resting cysts
When cysts are exposed to better conditions, they develop functioning organelles
Dinoflagellate life cycle
Ocean productivity can be seasonally self-limiting when this aspect of productivity fluctuates with the seasons
Net ecosystem productivity (NEP)
Phytoplankton abundance can be measured in which two ways?
Rate of productivity; amount of chlorophyll
The principle stating that a competitive dominant species can exclude other, less efficient species from valuable resources
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Nitrogen gas
N2
Cyanobacteria convert this nitrogen-based molecule to another nitrogen-based molecule
N2 to NH3 (Nitrification)
Ammonia
NH3
When cyanobacteria are consumed, the predator converts this nitrogen-based molecule to another through excretion
NH3 to NH4+ (Ammonification)
When anaerobic bacteria respire, they convert this nitrogen-based molecule to another for oxygenation
NO2+/NO3+ to N2 (Denitrification)
The efficiency of nutrient uptake is correlated with
Cell size
Smaller phytoplankton are __ efficient at nutrient acquisition
More
The population growth rate
Change in amount of organisms / change in time
The per capita growth rate
Population growth rate / population size
The smaller the cell, the tendency for a __ growth rate
Faster
Small phytoplankton cells are common in the
Open ocean
Large phytoplankton cells are common in
Coastal waters
Dead organic matter
Detritus
Single-celled protists
Dinoflagellates, ciliates
Consume majority of phytoplankton productivity
Microzooplankton
Large single-celled zooplankton
Form calcium carbonate/silica shells
Amoeba
Possess antennae, thoraxes, and tails to predation
Grazing copepods, pteropods
Mesozooplankton
Possess senses and predatory appendages
Possess complex organs/organelles and body functions
Arrow worms, krill (euphausiids), mysids
Macrozooplankton
Often possess sticky or stinging cells
Large, may form mats/chains
Megalozooplankton
Plankton that stay plankton their entire lives
Holoplankton
Plankton that spend a portion of their life as a plankton
Meroplankton
Zooplankton migration and fecal matter influence
Nutrients in the deep-sea
Reynold’s number (Re)
(Length x velocity) / viscosity
Laminar water’s Re
Re < 10
Transitional water’s Re
10 < Re < 10^4
Turbulent water’s Re
Re > 10^4
Grazing copepods can only feed in __ waters
Laminar
Grazing copepods have a natural threshold for a maximum feeding rate, but during times of starvation, copepods will
Ignore the threshold
The main adaptation strategy for large phytoplankton is
To avoid predation from microzooplankton
Zooplankton fecal pellets sink ______ than phytoplankton, increasing __ in the deep-sea
Faster; nutrients
Zooplankton spatial variation and specialization is largely dependent on
Species type
Surface layer of the ocean
200-300 ft in depth
High biodiversity and herbivore count
Epipelagic zone
300-1000m below the surface
Lack of wave action
Most of O2 Minimum Zone
Large, gelatinous species
Mesopelagic zone
Zooplankton spend huge amounts of energy on daily vertical migration to
Avoid surface predators during the day and feed on phytoplankton at night
This rate is the length of residence time nutrients have in a body of water (too short and no nutrients will be taken; too long at phytoplankton will deplete available nutrients)
Flush Rate
PSP (paralytic shellfish poisoning) is caused by
Alexandrium catanella
Productivity in puget sound is limited by ______ in the summer and __ in the winter
Nutrients; light
Free-swimming filter-feeders who catch prey through mucus houses
Appendicularia
Meroplanktonic larvae
Barnacle cyprids
Agnatha (jawless)
Eel-shaped site-producing fish
Invertebrate
Hagfish
Barnacles’ primary method of competing for space is
Undercutting
Mussels’ primary method of competition of space is
Overgrowth
In the intertidal zone, species are segregated by elevation because of these two forms of stress
Physical & biological
Biodiversity tends to decrease when the population of the __ isn’t kept in check
Competitive dominant species
Hydrothermal vents occur when
Pockets of magma are close enough to the ocean floor so that seawater can infiltrate the crust and shoot back up at high temperatures
White hydrothermal vents precipitate and remove many molecules from the ocean water, they primarily convert __ to __
Sulfate; hydrogen sulfide
Equation for chemosynthesis
6H2S + 6H2O + 6CO2 + 6O2 → 6H2SO4 + C6H12O6
The respiration process exhibited by many hydrothermal vent bacteria that transfers hydrogen sulfide and energy into food and sulfuric acid
ChemosynthesisC
Competition in Hydrothermal Vent communities is determined by __ & __ increasing with proximity to smokers
Physical stress; food abundanceA
Note 
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