ESCI 204 - Topics in Ocean Science

Final

Centric (circle shaped) or Pennate (pen shaped)

Large Cells

May Form Long Chains

Diatoms

Possess two flagella

Very large cells

Hetero- or phototrophic

Dinoflagellates

Very small cell size

Majority of phytoplankton biomass

Primitive species

Cyanobacteria

Average size flagellated cells

Numerous genera/species

Microflagellates

Amoeba that form silica exoskeletons

Radiolaria

Amoebic protists that inhabit shells composed of calcium carbonate

Foraminifera

Type of Meso- and Macrozooplankton that uses spikes and spears to consume prey

Copepods

Macrozooplankton related to Shrimp

Euphausiid(ae) (Krill)

Macrozooplankton that listen to their prey and spear them when nearby

Arrow Worms

Megalozooplankton that collect prey through stinging or sticky cells

Ctenophores and salps

Crab larvae, polychaete larvae, barnacle cyprid, & ichtyoplankton are all types of…

Meroplankton

Deep-sea polychaete worm found only in the extreme heat of hydrothermal vents feeding on chemosynthetic bacteria

Pompeii worms

Bore into the bones of whale to feed on lipids and other nutrients. Related to hydrothermal vent worms

Osedex

New sea floor is created at

Spreading centers (mid-ocean ridges)

Plate tectonics are driven by

Gravity (ie. density differences)

Boundary between two tectonic plates moving away from each other

Divergent

Boundary between two tectonic plate colliding into each other

Convergent

Boundary between two tectonic plates sliding against each other

Transformative

Sea floor is destroyed at these ocean trenches

Subduction zones

Primary force of ocean currents

Pressure gradient

Three secondary forces of ocean currents

Coriolis; Wind; Gravity

Variation in pressure over a distance of space

Pressure gradient

Flows parallel to isobars, modified by the Coriolis Effect

Geostrophic Flows

As friction pulls on the surface of the sea, ocean water twists until the deep water is flowing in separate directions than the surface water

Ekman Spiral

Areas of high water pressure slightly bulge above the surface of the sea

Ocean mounds

Replacement of surface water with deep water at continental shelves

Upwelling

Great Ocean Conveyor supplies the deep-sea with oxygen and carbon dioxide

Thermohalean circulation

Upwelling is significant because it

Brings cold, nutrient rich water from the deep ocean to critical coastal locations

The primary driver of ocean salinity

Rivers

Quantity of dissolved solids in seawater

Salinity

Density increases as temperature __ and as salinity __

Decreases; increases

Strong, vertical layering of seawater that prevents mixing

Stratification

Temperature __ as ocean depth increases

Decreases

Salinity __ as ocean depth increases

Increases

Nutrient content __ as ocean depth increases

Increases

Dissolved oxygen __ as ocean depth increases

Decreases until the Oxygen Minimum zone, then increases

Three primary marine nutrients

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Iron

Photosynthetic equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Redfield ration (total amount of organic molecules in an ecosystem)

106 C : 16 N : 1 P

Nitrite

NO2-

Nitrate

NO3-

Ammonium

NH4+

Rate of creation of food

Productivity

Total rate of productivity produced by (a) phytoplankton

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

Total rate of productivity produced by (a) phytoplankton after respiration

Net primary productivity (NPP)

Total rate of productivity exhibited by the whole food web after respiration

Net ecosystem productivity (NEP)

Diploids that divide through mitosis

Divide until too small, then undergo sexual reproduction (meiosis)

Diatom life cycle

Haploids that produce long-lasting resting cysts

When cysts are exposed to better conditions, they develop functioning organelles

Dinoflagellate life cycle

Ocean productivity can be seasonally self-limiting when this aspect of productivity fluctuates with the seasons

Net ecosystem productivity (NEP)

Phytoplankton abundance can be measured in which two ways?

Rate of productivity; amount of chlorophyll

The principle stating that a competitive dominant species can exclude other, less efficient species from valuable resources

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Nitrogen gas

N2

Cyanobacteria convert this nitrogen-based molecule to another nitrogen-based molecule

N2 to NH3 (Nitrification)

Ammonia

NH3

When cyanobacteria are consumed, the predator converts this nitrogen-based molecule to another through excretion

NH3 to NH4+ (Ammonification)

When anaerobic bacteria respire, they convert this nitrogen-based molecule to another for oxygenation

NO2+/NO3+ to N2 (Denitrification)

The efficiency of nutrient uptake is correlated with

Cell size

Smaller phytoplankton are __ efficient at nutrient acquisition

More

The population growth rate

Change in amount of organisms / change in time

The per capita growth rate

Population growth rate / population size

The smaller the cell, the tendency for a __ growth rate

Faster

Small phytoplankton cells are common in the

Open ocean

Large phytoplankton cells are common in

Coastal waters

Dead organic matter

Detritus

Single-celled protists

Dinoflagellates, ciliates

Consume majority of phytoplankton productivity

Microzooplankton

Large single-celled zooplankton

Form calcium carbonate/silica shells

Amoeba

Possess antennae, thoraxes, and tails to predation

Grazing copepods, pteropods

Mesozooplankton

Possess senses and predatory appendages

Possess complex organs/organelles and body functions

Arrow worms, krill (euphausiids), mysids

Macrozooplankton

Often possess sticky or stinging cells

Large, may form mats/chains

Megalozooplankton

Plankton that stay plankton their entire lives

Holoplankton

Plankton that spend a portion of their life as a plankton

Meroplankton

Zooplankton migration and fecal matter influence

Nutrients in the deep-sea

Reynold’s number (Re)

(Length x velocity) / viscosity

Laminar water’s Re

Re < 10

Transitional water’s Re

10 < Re < 10^4

Turbulent water’s Re

Re > 10^4

Grazing copepods can only feed in __ waters

Laminar

Grazing copepods have a natural threshold for a maximum feeding rate, but during times of starvation, copepods will

Ignore the threshold

The main adaptation strategy for large phytoplankton is

To avoid predation from microzooplankton

Zooplankton fecal pellets sink ______ than phytoplankton, increasing __ in the deep-sea

Faster; nutrients

Zooplankton spatial variation and specialization is largely dependent on

Species type

Surface layer of the ocean

200-300 ft in depth

High biodiversity and herbivore count

Epipelagic zone

300-1000m below the surface

Lack of wave action

Most of O2 Minimum Zone

Large, gelatinous species

Mesopelagic zone

Zooplankton spend huge amounts of energy on daily vertical migration to

Avoid surface predators during the day and feed on phytoplankton at night

This rate is the length of residence time nutrients have in a body of water (too short and no nutrients will be taken; too long at phytoplankton will deplete available nutrients)

Flush Rate

PSP (paralytic shellfish poisoning) is caused by

Alexandrium catanella

Productivity in puget sound is limited by ______ in the summer and __ in the winter

Nutrients; light

Free-swimming filter-feeders who catch prey through mucus houses

Appendicularia

Meroplanktonic larvae

Barnacle cyprids

Agnatha (jawless)

Eel-shaped site-producing fish

Invertebrate

Hagfish

Barnacles’ primary method of competing for space is

Undercutting

Mussels’ primary method of competition of space is

Overgrowth

In the intertidal zone, species are segregated by elevation because of these two forms of stress

Physical & biological

Biodiversity tends to decrease when the population of the __ isn’t kept in check

Competitive dominant species

Hydrothermal vents occur when

Pockets of magma are close enough to the ocean floor so that seawater can infiltrate the crust and shoot back up at high temperatures

White hydrothermal vents precipitate and remove many molecules from the ocean water, they primarily convert __ to __

Sulfate; hydrogen sulfide

Equation for chemosynthesis

6H2S + 6H2O + 6CO2 + 6O2 → 6H2SO4 + C6H12O6

The respiration process exhibited by many hydrothermal vent bacteria that transfers hydrogen sulfide and energy into food and sulfuric acid

ChemosynthesisC

Competition in Hydrothermal Vent communities is determined by __ & __ increasing with proximity to smokers

Physical stress; food abundanceA