Bio131 chapter 1: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

Emergent properties result from what

the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system

Give all the levels of biological organization from smallest to largest

molecules>cells>tissues>organs>organ systems>organism>Population>community>ecosystem>biosphere

What is a population

All of the same species in one area

What is a community

Different species/population in the same area

What is an ecosystem

Nonliving components and living organisms interacting in the same area

What is the biosphere

all ecosystems on earth

What are the two main forms of cells

prokaryotic, eukaryotic

What is a eukaryotic cell

“True nucleus” (has one), contains membrane bound organelles

What is a prokaryotic cell

“Before nucleus” (Has DNA but no nucleus), no membrane bound organelles, smaller than eukaryotic cells

What do chromosomes contain and in what form

a cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

What does a DNA molecule hold

GenesW

What are genes

units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

Each link of a chain in a DNA molecule is made up of what

nucleotides (A, T, C, or G)

What is gene expression

is the process of converting information from a gene to its cellular product (express genes that are only relevant to the function of that cell)

What are nucleotides made of

deoxyribose/pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

How do energy and chemical elements go through an ecosystem?

Energy flows through, chemical elements are recycles

What is evolution

is a process of biological change in which

organisms gradually accumulate differences from their

ancestors

Similar traits in two species are explained by what

descent from a common ancestor

Differences between two species indicate what?

that heritable changes occurred after divergence from a common ancestor

What are the three domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Which domains a prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic

Prokaryotic: Bacteria and Arachaea

Eukaryotic: Eukarya

What makes up the domain eukarya

Plants, fungi, protists, animals

Charles Darwin published _________________________ in ______

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

1859

What did Darwin observe

Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are heritable

More offspring are produced than survive, and competition is inevitable

Species generally suit their environment

What did Darwin reason

Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

Over many generations, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits

Darwin proposed that natural selection could cause an

ancestral species to give rise to…

two or more descendent species (radiation)

Example: finch species of the galapagos islands are descended from a common ancestor