Nueroscience Exam II

Isaac and Rachel wish to have a baby together. They know that there is history of Tay-Sachs disease that runs in each of their families. Tay-Sachs is caused by having two recessive alleles, so before trying to have children, they each get a _____ test to determine the risk of having children with Tay-Sachs.

carrier

Cell-free fetal DNA testing is performed on the blood of a pregnant woman T or F

True

As part of the eugenics movement, Congress passed an act in 1924 that

limited immigration from Eastern Europe in order to restrict people with “undesirable” genes from coming into the United States

Epigenetic changes can pass from one generation to the next T or F

True

_____ is a statistical term relating to the influence of genetics and the environment on a trait. Twins are often used to determine this value

Heritability

Charles Darwin traveled on a five-year exploration around the world on the HMS:

Beagle

Williams has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, and this neuropsychiatric disorder has a relatively high _____ in that William’s identical twin has about 48% change of being diagnosed as well

concordance

Alfred Binet created an intelligence (IQ) test with the intention of creating a way to identify feeble-minded people to promote his strong support of eugenics T or F

False

_____ was Darwin’s cousin and a pioneer in statistics. He also wanted to “improve” the human race through selective breeding

Francis Galton

Genetic engineering is a common way to eliminate genes associated with diseases in humans T or F

False

Genes from animals can be spliced into plants using genetic engineering

True

One can buy genetically modified fish that glow in the dark at a pet store

True

It is common to use genetically modified mice in neuroscience research

True

Someone with an extra 21st chromosome has:

Down syndrome

George Romanes wrote a book called Animal Intelligence in 1882, which was a collection of stories about similarities in intelligence and behavior between species of animals. Some consider this the beginning of the field of:

comparative psychology

Mendel’s law of _____ states that there are two alleles for each gene and that these allele separate when sperm and eggs are formed

segregation

The transgenic mouse model for Down syndrome (Ts16) has proven to be a good animal model for research on:

Alzheimer’s disease

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a good example of:

the influence of both nature and nurture

What is tested in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?

one of the cells removed from a fertilized egg that has developed into eight cells

Whether a person has attached or floppy earlobes Is caused by one gene. Barnaby has attached earlobes, which is a recessive trait. Which of the following could be true of his biological parents?

1. They both have attached earlobes

2. Both the mother and the father are heterozygous for this trait

3. They both have floppy earlobes

4. The mother is heterozygous for this trait, and the father is homozygous recessive for this trait

5. One of them is homozygous dominant for this trait

They both have attached earlobes

Channelrhodopsin is most associated with

optogenetics

It is impossible to determine genetic influences on complex behaviors such as political affiliation or whether someone enjoys gambling T or F

False

The forced sterilization of thousands of women, especially women of color, in the United States was part of the _____ movement

negative eugenics

Which of the following is not a basic postulate or assumption about Darwin’s theory of natural selection?

The selection process of which organisms survive and reproduce is a random process

Which of the following is a method wherein a gene is located, changed, or made inactive?

gene targeting

A low activity form of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been linked to an increased level of aggression and violence. It was discovered that Thomas has this gene, so he was forbidden from working in a school with small children. This is an example of _____ and can be a problem when looking at genes and behavior

genetic determinism

A behavioral geneticist was investigating the heretability of a behavioral trait. He looked for this trait in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. The following answers are possible results obtained by the researcher in terms of the correlation between twins. Which one would provide the strongest support that the studied behavioral trait is inherited (i.e., has the strongest influence by genetics?)

MZ twins correlation of 0.6, DZ twins correlation of 0.3

Which is research team won a Nobel Prize for their work on the visual system?

Hubel and Weinsel

Ganglion receptive fields are:

round

In an eyeball, the _____ is the first structure hit by light

cornea

HeroRATS have located thousands of mines and unexploded ordinances at locations around the world T or F

True

Dogs and humans have about the same number of olfactory receptor neurons; we are just sentive to different odorants T or F

False

Dogs can be trained to differentiate the breath of someone with and someone without lung cancer T or F

True

In cones, which part of photopigment is sensitive to light of different wavelengths?

retinal

There are likely cells that are selectively tuned ro respond to the face of your best friend and others that respond to one of your close relatives, such as your mother, sister, or brother T or F

True

A supertaster would not likely enjoy the taste which of the following?

1. lemon pie

2. sweet cereal

3. black coffee

4. bitter beer, such as an IPA

black coffee and bitter beer

Retinotopic means that

the cells of the LGN and visual cortex are arranged in such a way that they make up a map of the retina

A photon of light strikes a rod. What is the sequence of visual transaction from first to last?

1. The messenger transducer causes the denature of cGMP

2. The rod is less depolarized, altering the signal sent to intermediate cells

3. Na+ channels close, stopping the dark current

4. The retinal absorbs the light and changes shape, causing the “bleaching” if rhodopsin

1. The retinal absorbs the light and changes shape, causing the “bleaching” of rhodopsin

2. The messenger transducin causes the denature of cGMP

3. Na+ channels close, stopping the dark current

4. The rod is less depolarized, altering the signal sent to intermediate cells

The idea that neurons respond to specific stimuli like angles, size, or shape is referred to as:

neuronal tuning

Which of the following correctly describes artificial retinas?

They involve tiny photodiode array microchips surgically implanted in the retina

After Oliver’s stroke, he had prosopagnosia but no other deficits in visual perception. His stroke likely affected his:

fusiform gyrus

P-cells and M-cells are found in the:

retina

According to the opponent process theory of color vision, if a ganglion cell sends a signal for red when it is edited, it will send for _____ when inhibited

green

Myopia is also known as nearsightedness T or F

True

A person might be prescribed glasses with biconcave lenses if they have myopia T or F

True

In someone with hyperopia an eyeball is too long, making light focus on an area before the retina T or F

False

Order from beginning to end how information flows through the visual pathway:

1. optic nerve

2. LGN

3. optic chasm

4. retina

5. visual cortex

1. retina

2. optic nerve

3. optic chiasm

4. LGN

5. visual cortex

The fovea is responsible for photopic vision T or F

True

The periphery of the retina is more responsible for scotopic vision T or F

True

Scotopic vision is highly sensitive to color T or F

False

We have more photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for photopic vision T or F

False

The receptive fields for scotopic vision are larger than the receptive fields for photopic vision T or F

True

The process of taking in energy (such as a light stimulus) and turning it into something the brain can understand in the form of signals (such as action potentials) is called:

transduction

Which of the following are true when light strikes a rod?

1. The membrane of the rod becomes more depolarized

2. The membrane of the rod becomes hyperpolarized

3. The rod releases fewer neurotransmitters to intermediate cells

4. The rod releases more neurotransmitters

The membrane of the rod becomes hyperpolarized and The rod releases fewer neurotransmitters to intermediate cells

Simple cells in the primary visual cortex show neuronal tuning to

lines of specific orientation

In the visual cortex, what types of cells are sensitive to lines to specific lengths and angles? They are also known as end-stopped cells

hypercomplex

The bumps on the tongue are called:

taste papillae

There are three types of cones in the retina, and each one is sensitive to different wavelengths of light, This is the _____ theory of color vision

trichromatic

Horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cells are all types of:

intermediate cells

Which visual disorder begins with a dark spot in the middle of a person’s visual field, which is caused by the center of the retina deteriorating?

macular degeneration

Light leaves the lens and hits thew retina. Order the cell types in the retina from those that are closest to the lens (struck by light first) to those that are farthest from the lens (struck by light last)

1. intermediate cells

2. ganglion cells

3. photoreceptor cell (rods and cones)

ganglion cells → intermediate cells → photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)

What is the name of the genetic disorder wherein the periphery of the retina begins to degenerate? It often leads to blindness

retinis pigmentosa

_____ is a problem of vision where the lens becomes cloudy. This problem is correctable with surgery

Cataracts

Men are more likely than women to be color-blind T or F

True

Ganglion cells have larger receptive fields over the fovea over the periphery of the retina T or F

False

An on-center ganglion cell will fire the most when its entire receptive field is covered with light T or F

False

Cells in the retina and primary visual cortex have receptive fields T or F

True

An off-center ganglion will fire the most when the center of its field has no light but the periphery (outer ring) of its field receives light T or F

True

The role of the lens is to _____ or focus, the light on the retina

accomodate

The tongue is map for flavors. For example, only the tip of the tongue can detect sweet, and the side of the tongue detects salty

False

The non governmental organization APOPO has trained African such rats to detect which disease in humans?

tuberculosis

What two chemicals make up rhodopsin?

1. retinal

2. photopsin

3. ransducin

4. opsin

retinal and opsin

Someone with _____ would have a difficult time crossing the street or pouring coffee because they cannot perceive movement

akinetopsia

_____ is the idea that several areas of the visual cortex work together in perception. Thus, cells that respond selectively to lines, shapes, movement, and color interconnect with areas involved in object recognition, long-term memory, and context

Parallel processing

All the information from the right eye is processed by the left visual cortex

False

_____ is the idea that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies of sound. Areas near the oval window respond to high frequencies, and areas near the helicotrema respond to low frequencies

The place theory of hearing

In most people, which area of the brain would play a major role in visuospatial skills like guiding a finger to press an elevator button?

the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

Researchers and linguists have pointed out some problems with the Wernicke-Geschwind model of the neurobiology of language. Select all of the points below that have been identified problems

1. There is little consensus about what specific areas of the brain make up Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

2. The model does not take into account essential roles that subcortical regions play in language comprehension and speech

3. There is too much emphasis placed on the idea that components of language are localized to specific areas of the brain

4. For some people, the right hemisphere plays a larger role in language than the left hemisphere

1. There is little consensus about what specific areas of the brain make up Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

2. The model does not take into account essential roles that subcortical regions play in language comprehension and speech

3. There is too much emphasis placed on the idea that components of language are localized to specific areas of the brain

The Wernicke-Geschwind model is sometime referred to as the _____ model of the neurobiology of language. It focuses on the connection between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Classical

The _____ is an auditory illusion in which someone say a sound can affect how you perceive the sound

McGurk effect

Which of the following best describes the location of the auditory cortex?

between the temporal lobe and the parietal lobe

Sonia loves to do art, so her right hemisphere is likely larger and more active than her left hemisphere. Mary is majoring in physics and loves math, so her left hemisphere is likely larger and more active than her hemisphere

False

Which of the following is an example of displacement in language?

“I remember when we went to dinner together last year.”

Philip has had a split-brain surgery and is participating in research experiment. He states at the center of a computer monitor, and a picture of a phone plashes on the right side of the screen, while a picture of a cat flashes on the left side of the screen. Which statements below are likely true about Philip?

1. He cannot verbally say he saw a cat, but he can point to a picture of it

2. He can verbally say he saw a cat

3. He can verbally say he saw a phone

4. He cannot verbally say he saw a phone, but he can point to a picture of it

1. He cannot verbally saw he saw a cat, but he can point to a picture of it

3. He can verbally say he saw a phone

Dr. Jack Gallant and his college at Berkeley use an fMRI to create a cortical map of semantic representations of words when people

listen to podcast

Damage to the _____ caused by a stroke often produces hemispatial neglect syndrome

right parietal lobe

Which researcher and linguist assumed that humans must have an innate ability to learn language (what he termed the language acquisition device)?

Noam Chomsky

Which of the following is the best description of the Wada test?

injecting a radioactive brain isotope into the carotid artery and imaging the brain using PET scan while people read, listen to, or speak words

Order the information traveling from the organ of Corti to the auditory cortex

1. auditory cortex

2. medial geniculate nucleus

3. superior olivary nucleus

4. cochlear nucleus

5. cochlear nerve

6. inferior colliculus

1. cochlear nerve

2. cochlear nucleus

3. superior olivary nucleus

4. inferior colliculus

5. medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

6. auditory cortex

The cochlea is made of three chambers divided by two membranes. What are the names of the two membranes? (Select two that apply)

1. basilar membrane

2. arachnoid membrane

3. Kandel’s membrane

4. Reissner’s membrane

1. basilar membrane

4. Reissner’s membrane

After Alfonzo had a stroke, he could understand spoken words but has tremendous difficulty forming and speaking words. Alfonzo had a form of _____ aphasia

Broca’s

Choose the correct response from the list to complete the sentence:

Most, but not all, people have language processed _____.

in the left hemisphere

Cynthia loves classical music. When she hears music by Mozart, she sees blue and purple colors, but when she hears music by Beethoven, she sees yellows and oranges. Cynthia likely has a form of:

synesthesia

The tympanic membrane is larger than the oval window, which allows the focusing of energy to be transferred through the auditory ossicles. Why is this needed?

to compensate for impedance mismatching

_____ embedded in the membrane of hair cells act to mechanically open _____ channels

Stereocilia; K+ ion

Hair cells in the organ of Corti have which type of receptors?

mechanoreceptors

The chapter on hearing and language discusses research using imagining technology in studying language. Which of the imaging technologies below have been used in research discussed?

1. PET scans

2. CT scans

3. fMRI

4. MEG

PET scans and fMRI

What fills the inner ear (cochlea)?

perilymph (fluid)

What fills the middle ear?

air

Which of the following structures are considered tonotopic?

1. auditory cortex

2. olivary nucleus

3. inferior colliculus

4. basilar membrane

1. auditory cortex

4. basilar membrane