Human AP I (lecture): Exam 4, Cardiovascular

What is the normal pH range of blood?

The normal pH of blood is approximately 7.35 to 7.45.

What is the apex of the heart?

The apex is the inferior pointed tip of the heart.

What percentage of whole blood is plasma?

Plasma composes about 55 percent of whole blood.

What is the first heart sound associated with?

The first heart sound is heard when the AV valves close.

What is angiogenesis?

Angiogenesis is the process of growing new blood vessels from preexisting ones.

What is the correct order for blood flow from systemic circulation?

The correct order is:

• vena cavae

• right atrium

• right ventricle

• pulmonary trunk

• pulmonary veins

• left atrium

• left ventricle

• aorta

Why do red blood cells have a short lifespan?

Red blood cells typically live about 120 days due to their lack of a nucleus.

What makes neck veins useful for regulating body temperature?

Neck veins lie close to the surface of the skin, allowing fast heat exchange.

What is the main component of the middle layer of the heart wall?

The middle layer of the heart wall is primarily composed of cardiac muscle cells.

What is an aortic aneurysm?

An aortic aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area of the aortic wall with a risk of rupture.

What is the sequence of excitation in the heart's conducting system?

The sequence is: 4 (SA node), 3 (AV node), 2 (AV bundle), 5 (bundle branches), 1 (Purkinje fibers).

How do you calculate cardiac output?

Cardiac output is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) formula?

MAP is calculated using the formula: MAP ≈ DP + 1/3 (SP - DP).

Which blood types can be transfused into type O- blood?

Only O- blood can be safely transfused into a person with type O- blood.

What determines a person's blood type?

A person's blood type is determined by the presence of specific antigens on the cell membrane of red blood cells.

What distinguishes agranular leukocytes from granular leukocytes?

Agranulocytes include monocytes and lymphocytes and lack visible cytoplasmic granules.

What are the three major phases of hemostasis?

The three phases of hemostasis are: Vascular Phase, Platelet Phase, and Coagulation.

Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located?

The bicuspid (mitral) valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

What phase of the cardiac cycle occurs when the mitral valve is closed?

The phase is called ventricular ejection during ventricular systole.

What situation is most likely to result in severe hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

Severe HDN is most likely to occur when an Rh- mother, who has been sensitized, is pregnant again with an Rh+ fetus.

Which situation is most likely to result in severe HDN?

C) Rh- mother who has been sensitized and is pregnant again with an Rh+ fetus.

Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it

C) pumps a greater volume.

From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall.

E) pericardium, myocardium, endocardium.

List the three stages of an action potential in a cardiac muscle cell.

E) rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization.

Compared to arteries, veins

D) have thinner walls.

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?

C) tunica media.

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low?

B) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.

Identify the structure labeled '19' in the heart internal anatomy.

A) tricuspid valve.

Identify the structure labeled '8' in the heart internal anatomy.

C) papillary muscles.

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except

B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except

B) the osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

Branches off the aortic arch include all of the following except

D) the right subclavian artery.

List the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the visceral organs.

B) celiac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery.

At the arterial end of a capillary, blood hydrostatic pressure is higher than blood colloid osmotic pressure. What is the result of this pressure difference?

B) Net filtration occurs because hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of the capillary.

Atherosclerosis is defined as:

C) A buildup of fatty plaques that narrow and stiffen arteries.

Which feature is unique to cardiac muscle compared to both skeletal and smooth muscle?

C) Intercalated discs containing gap junctions.

Cardiac output can be increased by all of the following except

A) decreasing ejection fraction.

A myocardial infarction is usually caused by:

C) Blockage of a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis + clot formation.

The amount of blood returning to the heart is the

B) venous return.

Describe platelets and their origin.

E) Platelets are cell fragments that develop from megakaryocytes.

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by

C) the coronary arteries.