Nursing Application: Cellular Adaptation

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from pathophysiology related to nursing, focusing on cellular adaptation, inflammation, immune responses, and clinical case studies.

Which of the following accurately describes how cells adapt?

A) Cells only change their function, never their structure.

B) Cells always maintain their original structure and function.

C) Cells adapt by completely rewriting their genetic code.

D) Cells may change in structure and function, but there are limits to this adaptation.

D) Cells may change in structure and function, but there are limits to this adaptation.

Which statement best distinguishes hormonal hyperplasia from dysplasia?

A) Hormonal hyperplasia is a decrease in cell size, while dysplasia is a normal increase in cell number.

B) Both hormonal hyperplasia and dysplasia refer to a reduction in cell division rates.

C) Hormonal hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number due to hormonal signals, while dysplasia involves abnormal changes in cell structure.

D) Dysplasia is always a sign of malignant cancer, while hormonal hyperplasia is always benign.

C) Hormonal hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number due to hormonal signals, while dysplasia involves abnormal changes in cell structure.

How is the prognosis of cell injury determined?

A) Cell injury may be reversible or irreversible, while cellular death is irreversible.

B) Cell injury is always reversible, leading to complete recovery.

C) The prognosis depends solely on the patient's age.

D) All cell injuries are irreversible.

A) Cell injury may be reversible or irreversible, while cellular death is irreversible.

What is the key distinction between sublethal and lethal cellular injuries?

A) Both sublethal and lethal injuries always result in irreversible cellular death.

B) Sublethal injuries do not result in cell death, while lethal injuries lead to irreversible cellular death.

C) Sublethal injuries lead to immediate cell death, while lethal injuries allow cells to recover.

D) Lethal injuries cause temporary dysfunction, whereas sublethal injuries cause permanent damage.

B) Sublethal injuries do not result in cell death, while lethal injuries lead to irreversible cellular death.

Which of the following lists the two main types of cellular death?

A) Mitosis and Meiosis

B) Hyperplasia and Dysplasia

C) Apoptosis and Necrosis.

D) Atrophy and Hypertrophy

C) Apoptosis and Necrosis.

What is the definition of apoptosis?

A) An uncontrolled process causing cell swelling and membrane rupture.

B) The process of cells growing larger in size.

C) Programmed cellular death that eliminates unwanted cell populations.

D) A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.

C) Programmed cellular death that eliminates unwanted cell populations.

Which statement best describes necrosis?

A) It is a healing process where new cells replace old ones.

B) It is a controlled cell process for cell maintenance.

C) A common type of cell death characterized by severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles.

D) It is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.

C) A common type of cell death characterized by severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles.

Which description correctly identifies coagulative necrosis?

A) Tissue transforms into a liquid viscous mass due to hydrolytic enzymes.

B) A type of necrosis caused by severe hypoxic injury with a "wet" appearance.

C) Tissue broken down into fatty acids by lipases.

D) A type of necrosis marked by denaturation of structural proteins, typically seen in myocardial infarction.

D) A type of necrosis marked by denaturation of structural proteins, typically seen in myocardial infarction.

Which of the following describes liquefaction necrosis?

A) Necrosis characterized by a cheese-like appearance.

B) Tissue broken down into fatty acids by lipases.

C) A type of necrosis where tissue transforms into a liquid viscous mass due to hydrolytic enzymes.

D) Tissue appearing firm and pale due to protein denaturation.

C) A type of necrosis where tissue transforms into a liquid viscous mass due to hydrolytic enzymes.

What defines fat necrosis?

A) Tissue broken down into fatty acids by lipases, often seen in adipose tissues.

B) Tissue transforms into a liquid viscous mass.

C) Denaturation of structural proteins, often in the heart.

D) Necrosis that results in a mummified appearance.

A) Tissue broken down into fatty acids by lipases, often seen in adipose tissues.

Which statement accurately explains gangrenous necrosis?

A) It is a type of necrosis primarily affecting brain tissue.

B) A type of necrosis caused by severe hypoxic injury, can be dry (due to arterial occlusion) or wet (due to venous occlusion).

C) It involves the enzymatic digestion of fatty tissue.

D) It is characterized by the breakdown of tissue into a liquid mass.

B) A type of necrosis caused by severe hypoxic injury, can be dry (due to arterial occlusion) or wet (due to venous occlusion).

Which of the following is an effect of aging on cellular processes?

A) Enhanced organ function.

B) Decreased cell renewal, organ function decline, muscle tone reduction, and increased rigidity.

C) Improved muscle elasticity.

D) Increased cell renewal.

B) Decreased cell renewal, organ function decline, muscle tone reduction, and increased rigidity.

What is somatic death?

A) The recovery of tissues after injury.

B) The process of cellular adaptation to stress.

C) The physical manifestations of death in the body.

D) The programmed death of individual cells.

C) The physical manifestations of death in the body.

How are rigor mortis, algor mortis, and livor mortis defined?

A) All three terms refer to different types of cell injury.

B) Rigor mortis is stiffening of the body, algor mortis is body cooling, and livor mortis is the pooling of blood after death.

C) They are stages of inflammation.

D) Rigor mortis is body cooling, algor mortis is pooling of blood, and livor mortis is stiffening of the body.

B) Rigor mortis is stiffening of the body, algor mortis is body cooling, and livor mortis is the pooling of blood after death.

What constitutes the first line of defense in the immune system?

A) Adaptive immunity.

B) Physical and biochemical barriers, such as skin and the human microbiome.

C) Fevers and inflammation.

D) White blood cells.

B) Physical and biochemical barriers, such as skin and the human microbiome.

What role do epithelial cell-derived chemicals play in the body's defense?

A) They primarily activate the adaptive immune system.

B) They have no role in the immune system.

C) They directly attack and destroy all bacteria.

D) They help protect against pathogens and support the first line of defense.

D) They help protect against pathogens and support the first line of defense.

Which of the following components are part of the second line of defense?

A) Diagnostic imaging.

B) Skin and mucous membranes.

C) Fevers, bloodwork, white blood cells, coagulation factors, and cellular mediators of inflammation.

D) Antibodies and T-cells.

C) Fevers, bloodwork, white blood cells, coagulation factors, and cellular mediators of inflammation.

What are the benefits of inflammation?

A) It increases the risk of systemic infection.

B) It completely bypasses the adaptive immune system.

C) Prevents infection, limits further damage, interacts with the adaptive immune system, and prepares for healing.

D) It causes immediate tissue death.

C) Prevents infection, limits further damage, interacts with the adaptive immune system, and prepares for healing.

Which changes characterize acute inflammation?

A) Decreased blood flow and vasoconstriction.

B) Scar tissue formation with no leukocyte involvement.

C) Increased blood flow, vasodilation, and recruitment of leukocytes to the injury site.

D) Long-term tissue damage without healing.

C) Increased blood flow, vasodilation, and recruitment of leukocytes to the injury site.

How is chronic inflammation defined?

A) Inflammation that lasts longer than a few weeks, often causing further tissue damage.

B) A type of immune response solely involving antibodies.

C) Inflammation that resolves quickly within a few days.

D) An immediate, severe response to an acute injury.

A) Inflammation that lasts longer than a few weeks, often causing further tissue damage.

Which of the following factors can impair wound healing?

A) Moderate exercise and hydration.

B) Ischemia, excessive bleeding, obesity, infection, and nutritional deficits.

C) Adequate blood supply and good nutrition.

D) Absence of pathogens and normal body weight.

B) Ischemia, excessive bleeding, obesity, infection, and nutritional deficits.

What are the two main types of wound healing?

A) Primary intention and secondary intention.

B) Inflammatory and Proliferative.

C) Coagulative and Liquefactive.

D) Acute and Chronic.

A) Primary intention and secondary intention.

What is the third line of defense in the immune system?

A) Inflammation and fever.

B) Phagocytic cells only.

C) Adaptive or acquired immunity.

D) Physical barriers like skin.

C) Adaptive or acquired immunity.

How is hypersensitivity related to allergies?

A) It is only related to autoimmune diseases, not allergies.

B) An exaggerated immune response to an allergen that can cause mild to severe symptoms.

C) It is a complete lack of immune response to an allergen.

D) It is a normal immune response to harmless substances.

B) An exaggerated immune response to an allergen that can cause mild to severe symptoms.

What are appropriate nursing interventions for clients with immunodeficiency?

A) Limiting nutritional intake to reduce immune activity.

B) Encouraging large social gatherings for psychological support.

C) Protecting clients from infection, reverse isolation, and providing health education.

D) Administering broad-spectrum antibiotics preventatively without a confirmed infection.

C) Protecting clients from infection, reverse isolation, and providing health education.

What is the importance of assessing exudate during inflammation?

A) It helps identify the type and severity of inflammation present.

B) It helps determine the patient's blood type.

C) It is solely for cosmetic purposes.

D) It indicates a complete absence of infection.

A) It helps identify the type and severity of inflammation present.