social and personality

What is aggression

Intentional behaviour to harm another person or object.

What is prosocial behaviour

• Intentional behaviour aimed at helping others.

• Includes altruism.

• Changes with age and social development.

What are parten stages of play

• Solitary play

• Onlooker play

• Parallel play

• Associative play

• Cooperative play

Why is parenting style research criticised?

Due to culture everyone has different parenting styles

Outcomes associated with Authoritative style

• Best psychosocial outcomes

• High self-esteem

• Social competence

• Academic achievement

Outcomes of Authoritarian parenting style

• Aggression

• Anxiety

• Delinquency

• Poor psychological adjustment

What outcomes does Permissive parenting have

• Mixed findings

• Some social confidence but more behavioural problems

What does neglectful parenting outcomes have

• Worst overall outcomes

• Poor self-regulation

• Low academic competence

• Anxiety and antisocial behaviour.

How does attachment change in early childhood at 2–3 years

• Children explore further from caregivers.

• Separation anxiety decreases.

How does attachment change in early childhood at 3-4 years

• Bowlby's goal-corrected partnership develops.

• Children understand attachment relationships are stable and reciprocal.

What does research suggest about transgender children's gender development?

• Gender-typed preferences match their affirmed gender.

• Similar developmental patterns to cisgender peers.

• Similar preferences for peers, toys and clothing as gender-matched peers.

How does sex-role knowledge develop in early childhood?

• 3–4 years: Children assign occupations, toys and activities to boys or girls.

• By 5 years: Children associate personality traits with men and women.

How does sex-typed behaviour develop in early childhood?

• Develops before children fully understand gender.

• 18–24 months: Prefer gender-stereotyped toys (e.g., dolls, trucks).

• Around 3 years: Show a preference for same-sex friends.

What is gender identity in Kohlberg's theory?

Gender identity is the understanding that you are either a boy or a girl and can correctly recognise your own gender.

What is gender stability in Kohlberg's theory?

Gender stability is the understanding that gender remains the same over time (e.g., a boy grows into a man and a girl grows into a woman).

What is gender constancy in Kohlberg's theory?

Gender constancy is the understanding that gender remains the same despite changes in appearance, clothing, or activities

How does the psychoanalytic theory explain gender development?

Children resolve the Oedipus conflict by identifying with their same-sex parent, leading to the development of gender identity.

How does social learning theory explain gender development?

• Parents reinforce gender-appropriate behaviours.

• Children imitate role models, learning behaviours associated with their gende

How does the biological approach explain gender development?

Hormones influence gender development.