AP Euro - Reformation ID Terms

simony

the buying and selling of church positions

pluralism

an official holding more than one office at a time

nepotism

the practice of appointing family members to positions of favor

absenteeism

when church officials that hold multiple positions are unable to do one of their jobs

sale of indulgences

done by the Catholic Church to grant people forgiveness for their sins or the sins of those who have died; lessened the amount of time one had to spend in purgatory

Martin Luther

sixteenth century Augustinian monk who challenged the Catholic Church with the 95 Theses

Johann Tetzel

German Dominican friar known for selling indulgences during the 16th century; one of Martin Luther’s main grievances

95 Theses

a series of complaints and questions for the Catholic Church posted by Martin Luther; regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation

Johann Eck

German Scholastic theologian and defender of Catholicism that defeated Luther in the Leipzig Debate, labeling him a heretic

“priesthood of all believers”

a concept of Protestantism that asserts that all Christians have direct access to God and can interpret the Bible for themselves without needing an intermediary like a priest; holds that all believers are equal priests in God’s eyes

Diet of Worms

meeting called by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in which Luther’s teachings were formally addressed and Luther was ordered to recant his beliefs

Charles V

ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire; summoned the Diet of Worms and the Council of Trent

Peasants’ War

revolt in which German peasants, inspired by Luther’s ideas of “equality,” rose against their land owners to fight for social equality and religious/economic freedom

Schmalkaldic League

a defensive alliance formed by Protestant territories of the Holy Roman Empire to defend themselves collectively against any attempt to enforce the recess of the Diet of Augsburg in 1530

Peace of Augsburg, 1555

ended religious civil war between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in Germany, giving German princes the power to chose a religion of their states but not recognizing the desires of the common people

Anabaptists

a radical group of Protestants that rejected infant baptism and advocated for adult baptism based on personal faith; also emphasized the separation of church and state

John of Leyden

led a radical group of Anabaptists to take control of the northwestern German city of Munster, establishing a theocracy and sanctioning practices such as polygamy and burned all books except the Bible; named king of New Jerusalem but was executed by Catholic and other protestant forces that recaptured Munster

Ulrich Zwingli, Zurich

an influential Swiss reformer who helped spread the Protestant Reformation; aligned with all of Luther’s beliefs except on the Eucharist, as he believed in memorialism, or the elements being only symbolic of the Last Supper and not literal parts of Christ

Marburg Colloquy

a meeting in Hesse, Germany which attempted to solve a disputation between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist; ultimately unsuccessful in uniting Luther and Zwingli against Catholic forces in the Swiss Civil War

John Calvin

French-born Swiss theologian whose tenets (predestination, the irresistibility of grace, and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism

predestination “elect”

belief of Calvinism that one’s fate/salvation has already been decided by God and only this certain people were going to heaven

Geneva

became home to Protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas; John Calvin established a theocracy here by 1540

Michael Servetus

a Spaniard who was among the chief thinkers for the Anti-Trinitarians; executed in 1553 in Geneva for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity;" among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination; has a reputation of defending religious tolerance

John Knox

dominated the reform movement in Scotland; persuaded Parliament to banish church authority and established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland

Presbyterianism

a Christian denomination started in Scotland by John Knox who was strongly influenced by Calvinist ideas when he was exiled to Geneva; exposed beliefs in predestination and the need for believers to read the Bible

Huguenots

French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin and faced severe persecution

Dutch Reformed Church

united Protestant church that united the Provinces of the Netherlands; the rise of Calvinism here set the stage for a revolt against the Inquisition of King Philip II of Spain

Puritans

members of a group of English Protestants in the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete; sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship

English Reformation

a series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church, but still remained religiously intolerant

William Tyndale

Protestant and Humanist who helped translate the Bible to English

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage, despite being dubbed the Defender of the Faith

In Defense of the Seven Sacraments

a book written by King Henry VIII criticizing Luther that gained the English King the title of Defender of the Faith

Catharine of Aragon

daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, aunt to Emperor Charles V, first wife of Henry VIII, and mother of Mary Tudor;

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII’s second wife and Elizabeth I’s mother; one of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled, since she became pregnant out of wedlock

Thomas Wolsey

dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon

Thomas Cranmer

a strong advocate for Reformation alongside Thomas Cromwell and the first Archbishop of Canterbury under the Church of England; replaced Wolsey and convinced Henry in 1533 that he could divorce Catherine by breaking away from Rome; prepared the First Book of Common Prayer

Act of Supremacy

an act passed by English Parliament under Henry VIII in 1534 that declared him and his successors as the 'Supreme Head' on earth of the Church of England, thereby separating it from papal authority

Pilgrimage of Grace

a rising in the northern counties of England, the only overt immediate discontent shown against the Reformation legislation of King Henry VIII

Statute of the Six Articles

upheld the seven sacraments, maintained Catholic theology, and replaced the authority of the pope with that of the monarch

Edward VI

King Henry VIII's only son, who was sickly and became King at 9 years old; the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer since he wasn’t capable of governing his country

Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary”

daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics

Marian Exiles

English Protestants who fled to continental Europe during the 1553–1558 reign of the Catholic monarchs Queen Mary I and King Philip

Elizabeth I

the 2nd daughter of Henry VIII and the last of his children to rile England reigning from 1558-1603; encountered many difficulties like religious divisions and gaining the approval of several skeptical Catholics, but her practical policies make her known as one of the greatest leaders in history

politique

public figures who placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth civil war; successful examples include Elizabeth I and Henry of Navarre

Elizabethan Settlement

attempted to settle the long-running dispute between Catholics and Protestants, which Parliament promulgated during Elizabeth I's reign

Thirty-Nine Articles

issued by Elizabeth I it defined the rules of the Anglican Church, following Protestant doctrine but still accommodating for other English, except the Puritans

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed

Teresa de Avila

a mystic saint of Avila and a nun who believed that mystical experiences should make people more religious; part of the Catholic Reformation and believed an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation

Catholic (Counter) Reformation

a movement within the Catholic Church to reform and respond to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation; clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline

Pope Paul III

head of the Catholic Church that played a crucial role in the Counter-Reformation and implemented various reforms from within; Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent

Council of Trent

served to define Catholic doctrine and made sweeping decrees on self-reform, helping to revitalize the Roman Catholic Church in the face of Protestant expansion; called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants, but Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend

Index of Prohibited Books

a list of books first published by the Roman Catholic Church in 1559 that identified books they forbade because they were considered heretical or dangerous to the Catholic faith

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter-Reformation; these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation

Ignatius Loyola

founder of the Jesuits that resisted the spread of Protestantism and wrote Spiritual Exercises