APUSH TERMS FOR MIDTERM (U 1-5)

Jamestown, Va

first permanent English settlement in mainland America, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company and named in honor of King James I.

The "Starving Time"

Settlers in Jamestown weren't used to working so that they could eat and so they began to starve. Some resorted to canibilism and others joined nearby tribes.

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy. Employed "Irish tactics" in which his troops burned houses and cornfields.

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".

Powhatan

Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death.

Pocahontas

a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617)

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

headright system

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom

The great migration

Puritan

A member of the Church of England who settled in North America to follow Christian beliefs in a more "pure" way.

Church of England

House of Burgesses

The first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

Royal Colony

a colonial area of land controlled directly by a king or other monarch

George Calvert

G. Calvert is also known as Lord Baltimore (and a Catholic), invested in the Virginia Company and eventually got land for his family; helped finding Maryland. Cecil Calvert is his son, the second Lord Baltimore; actually found and ran Maryland.

Proprietorship

an unincorporated business owned by a single person who is responsible for its liabilities and entitled to its profits

Maryland Toleration Act

Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all.

Indentured Servant

Governor William Berkley

Nathaniel Bacon

Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony

Pilgrims

group of people who, in 1620, founded the colony of Plymouth Massachusetts to escape religious persecution in England

The "elect"

the name for the people who are the ones who God has chosen to save in predestination. This is the belief of the Calvinism religion and that only these people can be saved and ordinary people cannot earn salvation. This belief was started by John Calvin in 1536 in France when he published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" and is still the belief of Calvinists today.

Mayflower Compact

Squanto

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.

MA Bay Colony

Pilgrims arrive with charter from James I, company members vote to transfer here for self-gov.; 1,000 settlers plant settlements.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Covenant

(Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return

Quaker

A religious group that believe all people are equal and are basically good. They feel that violence is always wrong, and refused to carry guns or fight. They also believe in solving all problems peacefully.

"inner light"

William Penn

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

john Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Two Treatises on Government

book publish by John Locke, set forth idea that people have certain rights and the gov. is formed to protect those rights, life liberty property, he believed ppl were justified in rebelling if this was violated

Atlantic Trading System

Triangular trade - manufactured goods to Africa and Americas - cash crops to Europe - african slaves to americas - basis of European wealth - mercantilism - Europeans grow & prosper

Mercantilism

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Thomas Hooker

Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates.

Fundamental Orders of CT

New England Towne Meetings

Democratic style of government, if on small scale. Towns and cities grew around gathering places, and allowed mass participation in politics.

Rev. Increase Mather

A Puritan Reverend that involved the government with religion. He helped put an end to the mass hysteria of the witch trials and the remaining people in jail were released or found innocent.

Rev. Cotton Mather

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Anne Hutchinson

American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643)

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Antinomianism

the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture)

First Great Awakening

A time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

jonathan Edwards

The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.

George Whitefield

One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.

New Lights

Defended the Great Awakening and revivalist tactics.

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the antics of the Great Awakening.

Theocracy

a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

Pequot War

The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Wampanoags

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Tituba

slave and housekeeper of the Parris family. She was accused of witchcraft and said that she was guilty. She lived but was imprisoned

The Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God

Wilmot Proviso

Amendment to said that slavery should be prohibited in all territories taken from Mexico. Never became law, but it provoked a passionate defense of slavery from Southerners.

Missouri Compromise

ME was admitted to the Union as a free state and MO as a slave state. Any part part of the LA territory north of 36 degrees, 30 inches (latitude) would be free territory.

Free Soil Party

Political party that opposed the spread of slavery into any of the recently acquired territories.

Compromise of 1850

California entered as free state, the Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened, and popular sovereignty was applied in NM and UT territories.

Fugitive Slave Act

Part of the Compromise of 1850, this set up commissions in the North to investigate people accused of being runaway slaves. Commissioners were given more money if the accused were determined to be runaways, ostensibly to offset paperwork costs. Some Northern states passed laws to circumvent this act.

Crittenden Plan

1860 compromise on slavery that would have allowed slavery to continue in South and denied Congress power to regulate interstate slave trade. Republicans in Congress defeated the plan on advice from Abraham Lincoln.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Compromise created by Stephen Douglas to gain Southern support for transcontinental railroad across northern plains. KS & NE were opened to popular sovereignty.Led to large scale migration to the territories and bloodshed between Northerners and Southerners.

Republican Party

Formed in 1854 and attracted former Whigs, Free-Soilers, and some disaffected Democrats.

"Bleeding Kansas"

Intense, small scale violence resulting from the KS-NE Act. Residents of KS would decide if the territory would allow slavery or not. Pro- and anti-slavery settlers flooded territory.

Dred Scott Case (1857) Supreme Court case involving slave who had lived in free states and then petitioned for his freedom. Court ruled blacks were property not citizens under Constitution. Therefore plaintiff could not sue in court. MO Compromise ruled unconstitutional b/c Congress cannot limit property rights.

Freeport Doctrine Stephen Douglas introduced this position in Lincoln-Douglas debates. Douglas believed, despite Dred Scott decision, a territory could still prevent slavery by electing anti-slavery officials and enacting laws that would make slavery impossible to enforce.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1852 novel written by Harriet Beecher Stow that depicted horrors of Southern slavery in great (and often dramatic) detail. Wildly popular, the novel went through several printings in 1850s and 1860s and helped fuel abolitionist movement in the North.

Fort Sumter

A federal fort located in Charleston, South Carolina that was fired on by Confederate artillery on April 12, 1861. First shots of the Civil War which caused a public outcry in the Northern states and the mobilization of a federal army began.

Draft/Conscription

Conscription (forced recruiting) for military service. Led to series of riots in the North during the war because many poor whites objected to fighting to end slavery.

"Greenbacks"

Paper money issued by the American government during and immediately after the Civil War.

Martial Law

Occurs during a state of emergency when the rule of law may be suspended Government is controlled by military or police authorities. Imposed by Lincoln during war.

Copperheads

Democrats in Congress during Civil War who opposed Lincoln and the North's attack on the South. Claimed that the war would result in massive numbers of slaves entering the North and total disruption of Northern economy.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

Requires that a suspect must be brought to court and charged or else be released from jail. Allows a person accused of a crime to avoid sitting in a jail indefinitely. Abraham Lincoln suspended this during the Civil War so that opponents of his policies could be detained.

Emancipation Proclamation

Edict [formal order] by Abraham Lincoln that abolished slavery in Confederate territory as a "military necessity." Did not affect slaves in the four slave-holding border states that remained in the Union.

Confederate States of America(CSA)

Eventually made up of 11 former state with Jefferson Davis as its first and only president. Was unable to defeat the North because of a lack of railroad lines, a lack of industry, inability to get European nations to offer support and recognition, internal divisions, and failures at critical turning points during war.

First Battle of Bull Run

In this first major battle of the Civil War, Confederate forces defeated the Union army on July 21, 1861. Union troops fled in disarray back to Washington, D.C. Convinced Lincoln and others in the north that victory would not be easy.

Battle of Gettysburg

Most important battle of the Civil War, in early July 1863 Union forces prevented General Robert E. Lee from successfully invading the North. Along with the Confederate defeat at Vicksburg, MS, this battle turned the tide of the war against the Confederacy.

Battle of Vicksburg

A Confederate city along the Mississippi River taken after a long Union siege in July 1863. Gave Union virtually complete control of the Mississippi River and was a serious psychological blow to the Confederacy.

Gettysburg Address

Speech made by Abraham Lincoln at dedication ceremony for cemetery for Union soldiers. Lincoln urged the nation to continue the war effort and remember that the fallen soldiers had died so that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

Anaconda Plan

Called for the blockade of critical Southern ports and eventual control of the Mississippi River, which would create major economic and strategic difficulties for the Confederacy.

Appomattox Courthouse

Virginia village where Ulysses S. Grant's Union army caught Robert E. Lee's retreating Confederate force in April 1865. In the private home of Wilmer McLean, Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederacy's largest remaining army, the Army of Virginia, on April 9.

Carpetbaggers

Term used by Southerners to mock Northerners who came to the South to gain either financially or politically during Reconstruction. Referred to the luggage the Northerners supposedly carried.

Scalawags

Term used by Southerners in the Reconstruction era for fellow Southerns who either supported Republican Reconstruction policies or gained economically as a result of these policies.

Ku Klux Klan

Organization founded during the Reconstruction by Southerners who wanted to maintain white supremacy. Used terror tactics, including murder, to suppress blacks and their supporters.

15th Amendment

Ratified by the states in 1870 and stated that a person could not be denied the right to vote because of the color of his or her skin or whether or not the person had been a slave. Extended franchise to all African-American males.

Compromise of 1877

Political deal that ended the contested presidential election of 1876. Representatives of the Southern states agreed to recognize Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president. In return, the Union army was removed from the South, ending Reconstruction.

Reconstruction Era

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Struck down Black Codes and defined the rights of all citizens. Stated that the federal government could act when civil rights were violated at the state level. Passed by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson.

Thirteenth Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States and all of its territories. Final approval of this amendment depended on ratification by newly constructed legislatures in 8 states that were former members of the Confederacy.

Sharecropping

Farmers worked for a landlord, receiving seed and farming implements, and in return for their labor received the profits for a share of the crop. Many poor blacks and whites became permanently indebted to their landlords under this system.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction. Offered pardons to most Southerners who would take an oath of allegiance to the Union and accepted 13th Amendment. Once ten percent of citizens of a state took the oath, the state could apply to rejoin the Union.

Wade-Davis Act

Congress passed this bill in 1864 in response to Lincoln's "10 Percent Plan." Set out much more difficult conditions for Southern reentry to the Union, including requiring half the white male citizens of a state to take a loyalty oath to the Union and the 13th Amendment.

Fourteenth Amendment

Stated that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" were citizens. All former Confederate supporters were prohibited from holding office in the United States.

Freedman's Bureau

Helped freed slaves obtain employment, education, and general assistance as they adjusted to their new lives. Under programs run by this office, some ex-slaves received "40 acres and a mule."

Radical Republicans

Group of elected officials after the Civil War who favored harsh treatment of the defeated South and a dramatic restructuring of the economic and social systems in the South. Favored a decisive elevation of the political, economic, and social positions of former slaves.

Reconstruction Act

Tenure of Office Act

(1867) congressional act designed to limit appointment powers of President Johnson. Stated that Congress had to approve the removal of officials made by the president. Johnson defied the (likely unconstitutional) act by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton but was then impeached.