4.3 socioemotional development in early childhood

Gender

social dimensions of being male or female, key influences are biological, social, and cognitive, genotype environment interaction

Biological influence

223 chromosomes determine sex and sex hormones (estrogen and androgens) development of sex characteristics, diff. In brain structure and function

Social influences

girls being treated differently than boys

Cognitive influences

children obtain knowledge from the world about gender and incorporate this into their own understanding.

Gender schema theory

children have the desire to conform to societal standards and may tune their attentions and behaviors to act in ways in keeping their respective gender

Prior to gender constancy

toddler may think if a women cuts her hair short she’s a boy

Article

toys being gendered in isle, dolls and kitchen girls and trucks boys, 2015 target removed boys and girls toy labels

Parenting styles

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, neglectful

Authoritarian

low level of responsiveness and high level of demandingness, low warmth high control, obedient but possibly anxious, lower self esteem

Authoritative

high level of responsiveness and high level of demandingness, high demands, child has high social competence and self regulated

Permissive

high level of responsiveness and low level of demandingness, high warmth low control. Struggles with self control, spoiled behavior

Neglectful

high level of responsiveness and high level of demandingness, low warmth low control, poor social skills high risk for problems