Thrust PPL ground lesson 8 stage 1

communication

ADS-B

automatic dependent surveillance broadcast, incorporates GPS, provides pilots and ATC with specific data about position and speed. real time data!!!

is ADS-B real time or delayed

real time—immediate pilot deviations shown

ADS-B out travels via

line of sight from aircraft to receivers

ADSB-in receives signal from

ADSB-out and displays on traffic info screen

ADS-B range?

100nm

3 satellites give you a (2D/3D) picture

2d

4 satellites give you a (3D/4D) picture

3D (incorporates altitude)

older aircrafts sometimes have ADSB out but not ______ since it’s not a requirement for the mode C veil

ADSB-in

FAR/AIM about ADS-B rules

FAR 91.225

class b and c, mode C veil (30nm from class b airports up to 10,000 MSL), 3nm from Gulf of Mexico, etc.

explain how radar works

station sends signal out, signal hits aircraft, bounces back and the time to return is measured to calculate distance

explain how squawk codes work

it’s a secondary surveillance radar, using ATCRBS to provide a unique code to enter into transponder and a unique signal to pick up on.

The signal they send is an “interrogator signal” and the transponder replies because you put the specific code in the box

radar contact means…

they are watching you on their screens. No need to reply or copy back

Mode A transponder

transmits a 4 digit code to transponder for aircraft identification

Mode S transponder

2 way data link enables transponder to exchange info with ATC and other mode S equipped aircrafts

Mode C transponder

transmits airplane’s altitude and location to ATC. Better than mode S and A! required for TCAS (collision avoidance)

FAR/AIM for transponders

FAR 91.215, required class A, B, C, mode C veil, above class B and C, at and above 10,000MSL except at and below 2,500 AGL (ex. Colorado)

tested and inspected every 24 cal months

transponder codes

1200 VFR

7500—hijak (5, you’re gonna dive)

7600--lost coms (6 in the sticks)

7700—emergency (7 going to heaven)

“ident” = you light up on their screen

VFR radar services include

safety alerts, traffic advisories, limited radar vectoring if requested, sequencing with established procedures or a letter of authorization from FAA, aircraft separation in class C or B

0-179 are odd or even plus 500?

odd

180-359 are odd or even plus 500?

even

on a cross country you should request ______ to make directions easy, and they update your altimeter setting

VFR flight following

ATIS

automatic terminal information system

towered only!

continuous broadcast on its own frequency, updated at the top of each hour or sooner if weather changes. each labeled with info letter. includes airport advisories/NOTAMS (unlike AWOS/ASOS)

if sky conditions and visibility are absent from ATIS, it means

visibility 5+sm and clouds 5,000+

flight service stations (FSS) vs ATC

provides info before, during, after flights

not responsible for instruction, clearances, or separation. Tune in for weather, traffic, or VFR flight following. No controlling capabilities, won’t tell you a heading to fly.

Can contact ATC on your behalf for departure and approach

FSS provides

preflight briefings including weather and NOTAMs, initiating search and rescues

VHF coms

very high frequency, used by general aviation, includes 118.0-135.975 MHz. Use transceivers (transmitter + receiver) integrated into GPS equipment

UHF coms

ultra-high frequency, used by military only

is VHF limited to line of sight?

yes—even the curvature of the earth can block the radio waves. Be careful!!!! Thrust Addison runway is slightly curved and you may not hear people on the other side

radio etiquette

no stepping on people, be quick

how do you say 10,500

one zero thousand five hundred

how do you say 1,500

one thousand five hundred

radio coms format, towered

who are you talking to

who are you

where are you

whatcha want

with weather, if needed (with info ___)

radio coms, non towered

who talking to — ex. caddo mills traffic

who are you

where are you (ex. 10 miles north, 2,000 ft)

what are you doing/gonna do

who talking to again (bookend it)

line up and wait

taxi onto runway, line up on centerline, and STOP until given takeoff clearance

UTC/zulu time

Time at the prime meridian, in Greenwich England.

is 4pm local time?

No! local time is 24h time (ex. 1600)

Addison to zulu time

add six or five to our current time

Zulu time to Addison

subtract five or six hours from current time (six fall, five summer)

use ___ at untowered airports or if towered airport is closed

CTAF

ASOS vs AWOS vs ATIS

only ATIS has phonetic identifier

both ASOS and AWOS are automatically updated, ideally every minute (but not in practice)

AWOS1

windspeed, direction, temp, dew point, altimeter setting

AWOS2

all AWOS 1, plus visibility

AWOS3

all AWOS 1 and 2, plus cloud ceilings, sky conditions, and precipitation

AWOS4

all AWOS 1, 2, 3, and sensors on runway plus ability to detect freezing rain

ASOS

operated by national weather service—gov. AWOS is more accurate

UNICOM

privately owned ground/air com station, use it like a CTAF. Can request wind direction, speed, favored runway, traffic, refueling. Usually manned by a physical person (as opposed to CTAF)

GalaxyFBO UNICOM frequency? good for refueling

30.000

when do you switch to control tower?

after completing runup checklist

TRACON

departure/approach control, separate from airtraffic control, need to contact when under class B or C airspaces and TRSAs

ARTCC (center)

responsible of rmaintaining separation between IFR flights. 22 centers across the US. can contact for VFR flight following

lost coms steps

troubleshoot frequency, headphones, volume, squelch, different radio first before 7600

then remain outside class D until you determine direction and flow of traffic, then join airport traffic pattern and be normal as much as possible. Look for tower light signals!!!

fly 1000ft above TPA to determine traffic flow

acknowledgement during the day and night

rock your wings, blink your landing light

alternating red and green light means

extreme caution!!!

flashing red light

don’t land, clear taxiway and runway

steady red

stop and/or return to land (giveway to other aircrafts)

flashing green

cleared for takeoff, no landing

steady green

everything’s good

white light

return to start

pan pan pan

urgent situation like min fuel, weather, doubtful about position

mayday mayday mayday

distressful situation like fire, mechanical failure, or structural failure

emergency radio frequency

121.5

if you hear mayday from someone else

be quiet. no talking.

get lost? what are the steps

5 Cs

climb for better radio/radar

communicate with nearby facilities

confess that you’re lost to ATC

comply with ATC

Conserve fuel (reduce power)

ELT

activates automatically with G forces, operates min. 48 hours, aids with search and rescue, tested ONLY during first 5 mins after hour and no more than 3 audible peeps. Airborne testing is not allowed.

3 sources of flight info

sectionals (VFR, updated every 56 days)

TAC chart (zoomed in sectional)

chart supplement (updated every 56 days, LAHSO info, runway data, lighting, glide slope indicators)

chart supplement contains

5 primary sections (notices, data, etc etc)

CFR

code of federal regulations—all the laws (FARs)

All FARS start with title 14 CFR, because we are part 14

FAR part 61

how to get your license

FAR part 91

how to lose or keep your license

NTSB 830

reporting aircraft accident, damage

AIM

Aeronautical Information Manual

Contains basic VFR/IFR procedures and flight safety info. Like an encyclopedia

NOTAM

notice to airmen, 5 types

NOTAM (D) — runway closures, changes in status of nav aids, info on taxiways/airways

FDC NOTAMS—regulations, amendments

Pointer NOTAMS—point to other NOTAMS rather than duplicate info

SAA NOTAM—special activity airspace, active outside of published schedule times

military NOTAMS—rarely of interest

AC

advisory circular

offered by FAA for guidance with air worthiness regs, not only means of showing compliance with airworthiness standards. Not binding.

Breaks down FAR/AIM, alleviates confusion

60—airmen

70—airspace

90—traffic and general operating rules