Anatomy Semester Exam Review

properties of water

cohesion, adhesion, excellent solvent, solid is less dense than liquid, high heat capacity

Nodes of Rainvier

gaps in the myelin sheath

ilium, ischium, pubis

fuse to form the coxal bone

coxal bone

hip bone

radius

lateral bone of the forearm

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

3 parts of the sternum

Parietal bone

a bone forming the central side and upper back part of each side of the skull.

adenine

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

weak acid

pH 4-6, the weakest being closest to 7.

blood pH

7.35-7.45

Vitamin D

sunshine vitamin, produced in the skin by exposure to UV light.

glycogen

polysaccharide, storage form of glucose in animals

triglyceride

lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells

stratified squamous epithelium

multiple layers of flat cells

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

axon terminal

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

functional subdivisions of the nervous system

Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

muscular disytrophy

inherited disease that causes muscles to degenerate and atrophy

smooth muscle

Visceral, Involuntary and non-striated muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

cardiac muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle tissue found only in the heart.

perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

epimysium

surrounds entire muscle

actin

thin filaments

I band

thin filaments only

A band

dark area; extends length of the thick filaments

carpals

wrist bones

skeletal muscle tissue

Voluntary muscle pulls on bones and causes body movements.

arrector pili

tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

muscle fiber

muscle cell

cardiac muscle tissue

specialized muscle tissue found only in the heart

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. Has a basement membrane, apical surface and fits closely to form continuous sheets.

connective tissue

Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.

adipose tissue

fat

hypodermis

loose connective tissue layer of skin below the dermis

stratum basale

deepest layer of epidermis responsible for the whorled ridges of fingerprints

eccrine gland

sweat gland

hair shaft

visible part of the hair

exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct

first degree burn

Superficial burns through only the epidermis.

Promixal epiphysis

the end of a long bone that is closest to the body's center

growth plate

the area just below the head of a long bone in which growth in bone length occurs; the epiphyseal plate.

marrow

a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced

Periostium

tough, tight-fitting membrane that covers bone's surface

hyaline cartilage

Translucent bluish white cartilage consisting of cells embedded in an apparently homogeneous matrix, present in joints and respiratory passages, and forming most of the fetal skeleton

canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect osteocytes in their lacunae to each other and the central canal

DNA vs RNA

DNA is the genetic material found in the nucleus of a cell. It replicates prior to cell division to ensure every body cell is identical. DNA provides instructions for building every protein in the body. By contrast, RNA is mostly found outside the nucleus and carries out the instructions for generating proteins as dictated by DNA

4 stages of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

ABCDE rule for skin cancer

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving

female vs male pelvis

1. has a larger and more circular inlet
2. is shallower than the male pelvis
3. has bones that are lighter and thinner than male pelvis bones
4. has a shorter and less curved sacrum
5. has a more rounded pubic arch because the angle of the pubic arch is greater
6. has shorter ischial spines that are also farther apart

importance of calcium ions in skeletal muscle contraction

Calcium ions are necessary for myosin heads to attach to binding sites on actin filaments. As the action potential travels into the muscle cell, it stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding each myofibril to release its stored calcium ions into the sarcoplasm. The calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments and the initiation of the sliding of filaments.