TExES AAFCS Composite Exam (200) Review

AAFCS (American Association of FCS)

national organization that influences the education of individuals in the methodology and knowledge associated with fcs. Influence public policy and gather support for programs that help educate and protect individuals and families from unsafe habits, business practices, products, and lifestyles

FCCLA (Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America)

youth organization for students; by focusing public attention to the problems young people face, the FCCLA gains support for programs and laws that help protect young people and their families.

direct communication

When a person who is attempting to convey a given piece of information SIMPLY STATES that information to the person he or she wants to receive the information Ex: Jimmy, go set the table.

indirect communication

When the person communicating the information states the information but not to anyone in particular. Ex: We need to set the table.

Conflict resolution techniques

1)identify the problem

2)recognize each member of the conflict's position while minimizing hostility

3)move toward compromise

-during each step must remain as patient and understanding as possible

divorce

the termination of the union created by marriage before the death of either member of the union

socioeconomic status (SES)

measures the ability of the family to function in a healthy fashion, using the educational background of the members of the family, the family's total income, and the skill-both actual and perceived-required by the occupations of the individuals who act as the providers

Affective communication

Communication in which an individual demonstrates his or her feelings through facial expressions, motions, gestures, or by outright stating their feelings

instrumental communication

When an individual informs another member of the family of a piece of factual information that is necessary to carry out the normal day to day functions of a family; Ex: Mother telling child where to find their socks

Clear communication

Individual explicitly states the information is trying to convey; ex: "I am upset bc Daniel is not home from the movies yet."

masked communication

occurs when an individual states the information he or she is trying to convey in a vague and somewhat confusing manner; ex: "I am upset."

behavioral modeling

the manner in which children model their own behavior after the behavior of their parents and other people with who they interact

consumer education

the process of teaching a person about the marketplace and its goods and services, the suppliers and the various considerations associated with searching for goods and services

heritage

anything inherited from one's ancestors, including traditions, customs, or physical characteristics

role

a collection of social rights, behaviors, and obligations that are assigned to a particular individual; ex: mother= provider

role confusion

When an individual is uncertain of what role or roles, he or she should play in a particular situation. ex:nurse runs into patient at grocery store and unsure whether to act formal nurse-to-patient manner of friendly

role strain

when an individual is placed in a situation in which carrying out the duties of a certain role will prevent the individual from fulfilling their obligations of another role; Mother= caregiver and provider--> sick child, work or care for child?

marriage

a union between 2 individuals that is often held as a legally binding contract in which the members state their intention to live together and aid each other in maintaining a family

family

any group of people who live together in the same household even if they are not related by blood or legal ties

nuclear family

traditional mother, father, and their children live in same home

extended family

expansion of nuclear family that includes the mother, father, and their children as well as aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents

single-parent family

one parent is the only one in the home caring for the children

blended family

stepfamily; parent marries or remarries when they already have children of their own, and there is a parent, stepparent, and one or more children in the household

-shift from nuclear

simple stepfamily

only one of the individuals marrying has children before marriage

complex stepfamily

both parents marrying have their own children before the marriage.

family life cycle (9 stages)

bachelor stage, newly married couple, full nest stage 1, full nest stage 2, full nest stage 3, empty nest stage 1, empty nest stage 2, solitary survivor in labor force, retired solitary survivor

bachelor stage (flc)

yet to be married, family not yet established

newly married couple (flc)

just married, no children

full nest stage 1 (flc)

the youngest child is under six

full nest stage 2 (flc)

youngest is 6 or greater than 6

full nest stage 3 (flc)

older married couple has independent children

empty nest stage 1 (flc)

head of household is married and still in the labor force, but no children at home

empty nest stage 2 (flc)

head of household is married and retired, but no children at home

solitary survivor in labor force (flc)`

one member of couple has passed away and other must work to support themselves

retired solitary survivor

same except no one working in hh

Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory

four basic family relationship patterns within what he called the Nuclear Family Emotional System; patterns dictate where problems develop when the family system is under tension

1) Marital conflict

2) Spousal dysfunction

3) child impairment

4) emotional distance

marital conflict

Bowen; spouses project their increasing anxiety into the marital relationship. Each partner becomes preoccupied with the other's shortcomings, tries to control them, and resists being controlled.

spousal dysfunction

Bowen; involves the partner pressuring the other to behave in certain ways, and the other acceding to that pressure. If tensions increase, the subordinate partner gives up enough self-control yielding to dominant partner to become significantly more anxious.

child impairment

Bowen; parents project their own anxieties onto their child; view child idealistically, either negatively or idealistically. Child reciprocated by focusing excessively on the parents, overreacting to parental expectations, need, and attitudes.

emotional distance

Bowen; occurs in relation to others; when interactions between family members become too intense, they develop distance to decrease intensity. Can become overly isolated, and lose intimacy in their relationship

substance abuse

a disorder in which an individual begins to overuse or becomes dependent on a particular drug or a group of drugs that ultimately has a negative impact on their health and human development

Problem solving steps

1.identify problem and determine cause

2.develop list of solutions

3.attempt to determine benefits of each solution

4.choose one that best solves problem

5.monitor to make sure solved

6.decide whether worked or try something else

empowerment

feeling control over one's decisions and behavior, resulting in inspiration

inactive decision making style

cannot or do not make choices; lack control, accountability, and the ensuing self-confidence and empowerment

reactive decision-making style

let others make decisions for them, needing others to like them and being easily influenced by others also impede self-confidence and empowerment

proactive decision-making style

those involving analyzing a necessary decision, identifying, and evaluating potential actions, choosing one action, and taking responsibility for the consequences of taking that action

A model for responsible decision-making to students

1.describe the situation requiring you to make a decision

2.list all of the decisions you could potentially make

3.share this list of potential decisions with an adult you trust

4.Evaluate what the consequences of each of decisions could be

5.determine which of the decisions you identified is the most appropriate and responsible one

6.take action on the decision you've chosen

7.evaluate the outcomes of the decision that you have made

conflict

a situation wherein both or either party perceives a real or imagined threat. Confronting and resolving conflicts stop them from going on indefinitely

affective skill

How effectively an individual can recognize, understand and handle emotions and relationships. Allows an individual to feel appropriate emotion in response to certain situations or stimuli.

cognitive skill

ability to gather and understand information allows to comprehend new situations and apply the knowledge that they gathered elsewhere

psychomotor skill

ability to coordinate physical movements. Control over simple and complex motor functions.

pareto analysis system

decision making model which assumes that approximately 80% of the benefits that an organ receives from a particular task are result of 20% of the effort that the various individuals within the organ put into the task. 80% of problems produced by 20% of the factors.

-list all problems

-group so similar benefits and factors together

-each group then given score based on how affects overall organ

Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Theorizes that children will learn more effectively if they are allowed to actively adapt to the world around them through play and exploration. Four stages are:

1) sensorimotor stage - ages 0-2

2) preoperational stage -ages 2-7

3) concrete stage - ages 7-11(concrete operational stage where child's thinking becomes more logical regarding concrete concepts.)

4) formal operational stage - ages 11 and up (formal operational stage...during this stage, an individual understands more abstract concepts and develops a logical way of thinking about those concepts.

This is important to the study of child development because it was the first theory that recognized that children can actively and effectively learn on their own rather tan being dependent on another person for learning to occur.

sensorimotor stage (Piaget's theory of cognitive development)

0-2 years; period during which a child uses their senses of sight, hearing, and touch to learn about and explore elements of the world. Using senses, able to discover new ways of solving simple problems. Begin to develop hand-eye coordination and ability to reason out a method of achieving goals.

preoperational stage (2, Piaget)

2-7; children begin to use words, symbols, and pictures to describe what they have discovered about particular elements of the world around them. Begin to develop an understanding of language, and they can focus their attention on a particular subject or object. Have a faulty sense of logic when attempting to understand concepts like volume, mass, and number when some element is changed.

concrete operational stage (3, Piaget)

7-11; stage in which a child's thinking becomes more logical regarding concrete concepts; capable of understanding concepts of mass, volume, and number; begins to identify and organize objects according to shape, size, and color. Will not be able to understand more abstract concepts like calculus or algebra.

formal operational stage (4, Piaget)

11-end of life; more abstract concepts and develops a logical way of thinking about those concepts. Ideas that are less concrete or absolute and that cannot necessarily be backed up by physical evidence or observation such as morality, advanced math, and a person's state of being. can understand all the variables in a problem and able to determine most, if not all, the possible solutions to a problem rather than just most obvious solutions.

cost/benefit analysis

decision- making strategy that examines the total estimated cost of each option that is available alongside the total estimated benefit of each option available and then compares the cost with the benefit to determine if the benefits of the option outweigh the cost

-relies heavily on estimation, which makes inaccurate

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs; must satisfy levels below before reaching to next; can go up and down pyramid stages

physiological needs

safety

love and belonging

esteem

self-actualization

physiological needs

basic needs: food, water, air, sleep

safety needs

elements need to feel sense of security; job, good health, safe place to live

love and belonging needs

needed to form social relationships such as those with friends, family, and intimate loved ones

esteem needs

need to respect oneself and be respected and accepted by others

self-actualization

morality, creativity, trust

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

breaks process of human development into 8 stages necessary for healthy functioning; during each stage must overcome developmental obstacle, called a crisis, to be able to face crises in later stages. If not able to, will be more difficult for later crises and likely encounter again.

1.infancy

2.younger years

3.early childhood

4.middle childhood

5.adolescence

6.early adulthood

7.middle adulthood

8.later adulthood

Infancy (1, EE)

birth-12 months; crisis of trust vs. mistrust; needs to be able to realize concept of trust and elements of certainty. ex: learn that parents aren't going to abandon forever if they leave. If unable to realize trust, child may become withdrawn and avoid interaction with rest of society.

younger years (2, EE)

1-3; autonomy vs. shame and doubt; need to become independent and learn skills such as using toilet without assistance. If can't establish independence, will develop feelings of shame and doubt about their ability to function without assistance

early childhood (3, EE)

3-5; initiative vs. guilt; need to discover the ambition necessary to continue functioning independently; strongly linked with moral development as they use make-believe to explore what kind of person want to be. If unable to explore ambitions, will develop feelings of guilt as begin to see ambitions, dreams, and goals as unattainable or inappropriate.

middle childhood (4, EE)

6-10; industry vs. inferiority; need to develop ability to complete productive tasks such as school work and working in groups; could develop a sense of inferiority as result of their inability to complete the tasks set before them that their peers are capable of completing

adolescence (5, EE)

11-18; identity vs. role confusion; attempts to find place in society and identify future goals and the skills and values necessary to achieve those goals; becomes concerned with perceptions; if unable to determine future goals can lead to confusion about what roles the child will play when he or she reaches adulthood

early adulthood (6, EE)

18-34; intimacy vs. isolation; needs to begin establishing intimate relationships with others; If unable, will become more withdrawn and will isolate from others; prevents from forming lasting relationships

middle adulthood (7, EE)

35-60; generativity vs. stagnation; continuing genetic line before too late; generativity any act that gives something of value to the next generation such as teaching children to read; if unable to contribute, will feel sense of failure resulting from stagnation, lack of accomplishment

later adulthood (8, EE)

60-end; ego integrity vs. despair; examine course of life by reflecting on kind of person have been; despair and fear death as end of further achievement

nature

any trait that an individual is born with or has acquired through genes

nurture

any trait that learns from the environment; most traits result of both environment and genetic influences: height, weight, and skin color

Robert Havinghurst's developmental tasks

theory of human development that there are certain tasks each individual needs to go through at points during his life to continue developing into a happy and successful adult

1.infancy and early childhood: 0-5; tasks like walking, talking and eating solid foods, as well as right from wrong

2.middle childhood: 6-12; get along with others, morals, skills for living

3.adolescence: 13-18; relate with opposite sex, social role of one's gender, prepping for life after childhood

4.early adulthood: 19-29; long term relationships, finding career, starting family required

5.middle adulthood: 30-60; adult recreational activities, achieving chosen career, helping one's teen children become happy and healthy adults

6.later maturity: 61-end; adjusting to death of spouse; effects of old age, finding people in one's peer group to interact with

teen pregnancy

act of a woman expecting a child prior to her 20th birthday or to her being considered a legal adult; two ways to reduce are promotion of contraceptive use or abstinence, and promotion of interaction between teens and parents

food irradiation

The process of using radioactive materials to disinfect and preserve certain types of food; reduces consumer's risk of food borne illness

shelf life

how long food will last before it spoils and begins to breed bacteria

USDA's Myplate

Pros:

-Improvement over the Food Pyramid

-Idea is to convey to public that half of plate should contain fruits and vegetables

-veggies and grains 30% each, fruits and proteins 20% each

Cons:

-Too much emphasis on protein

-Others argue that dairy recommendation should be removed altogether

anorexia

eating disorder in which an individ views his or her own body as being overweight, even though not, which causes to have extreme, unfounded fear of gaining additional weight

bulimia

indiv. views their body as being unattractive or overweight but lacks ability to control their eating; main difference is bulimics have no sense of control over eating habits

obesity

has increased their body weight significantly beyond what is normally considered healthy, usually by excessive eating; overeating, family history, genetic factors, stress and lack of sleep, various illnesses and conditions; high risk for problems with heart, stomach, muscles, lungs, skin, nervous system

diabetes

disease that prevents the body from producing or using insulin, which body needs to process sugar and use as energy for the cells of the body; sugar builds up in body leading to hyperglycemia; can lead to failure of the heart, kidneys , nerves, eyes, high blood pressure, blindness, poor healing of wounds

type 1 diabetes

invdividual's own immune system mistakes the beta cells of the pancreas, which are responsible for producing insulin, as being harmful and therefore attacks and destroys them; prevents from actually producing insulin; treated with diet and insulin injections

Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes

both treated through use of carefully monitored diet along with medication to help the body use insulin appropriately; difference between 2 and gestational is gestational occurs specifically due to hormones present during pregnancy

hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure; can impact virtually every part of the body as increased force of blood against the artery walls can severely damage the body's organs; eliminate excessive drinking and smoking

-healthy: 90/50-120/80

-prehypertension: 120/80-140/90

-hypertension: 140/90

vitamin c

ascorbic acid; important bc helps protect the health of the skin, bones, teeth, cartilage, and blood vessels; acts as an antioxidant that helps reduce the negative effects that oxygen reactions within the body can have on cells; production of collagen; deficiency leads to scurvy: liver spots on skin and gums, bleeding from mucous membranes

vitamin E

tocopherol; aids in maintaining proper brain function and eye health; reduce cancer, cataracts, heart disease; deficiency leads to weakness, blindness, and neurological problems; peanuts, hazelnuts, coconuts, corn, asparagus, carrots, tomatoes, fish, pb, veg oils

B12

cyanocobalamin; necessary for production of blood cells and aids in maintaining health of nervous system; severe lack can lead to conditions like megaloblastic anemia; problems with nervous system, because causes disintegration and death of nerve cells; symptoms are numbness, tingling, and lack of muscle control; chicken, beef, pork, liver, fish, shellfish, cereal, milk, cheese, eggs, yogurt

vitamin A

retinol; aids in bone growth, skin health, and ability to reproduce; eye health and aids in production of tears; deficiency causes eyes to deteriorate, night blindness; carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, spinach, beef, pork, chicken, eggs, and broccoli

Fiber

helps with bowel movements, digestion, and immune responses; lower blood cholesterol, help prevent obesity, lower risk of cancer, and risk of type 2 diabetes; lack can lead to constipation and slower digestion; cereal, oatmeal, whole wheat bread, apples, pears, bananas, potatoes, onions, green beans

protein

necessary for body to produce amino acids needs to function: 9 essential amino acids only produced when body digests protein; lack can lead to reduced brain function, intellectual disabilities, and an overall weakening of the immune system due to decrease in number of white blood cells; chicken, beef, wheat, rice, milk, cheese, peas, beans, peanuts, pb

Iron

aids in proper functioning of virtually all the muscles and organs; allows body to form hemoglobin: protein in blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Lack of iron: anemia, condition in which unable to make hemoglobin; oatmeal, spaghetti, green beans, chicken, green leafy veggies

calcium

development and maintenance of bones and teeth; osteoporosis and other bone problems; milk, cheese, honey, eggs, oranges, broccoli, nuts; amount of calcium needed increases with age

RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)

amount of each vitamin, mineral, or other nutrient that health professionals believe an individual needs to receive daily in order to stay healthy; replaced by RDI

RDI (Recommended Dietary Intake)

similar but does not recommend different nutrient intakes based on gender and age; used to determine RDV, recommended daily value, which is printed on every food product to inform consumers of nutritional value based on a 2,000 calorie diet

cholesterol

lipid, type of fat body uses to produce both new cells and bile, a substance secreted by the liver that helps body digest fat. Excessive amounts can lead to heart and circulatory problems, including atherosclerosis, a dangerous condition in which arteries are clogged by deposits of cholesterol. Stay away from foods with high concentration of saturated fats: beef, pork, eggs, milk, butter, cheese, and most snack foods

carbohydrates

saccharides; group of simple and complex sugars and starches that supply energy for the body; transported throughout the body via bloodstream and broken down into energy that keeps the body functioning

fats

allow certain vitamins A,D,E, and K to be digested and absorbed by the body; can only be broken down and used when enough fat is present; help maintain body's temperature, promote hair, skin, and overall cell health, protect body's organs, protect against some diseases, and act as a means of storing energy for body to use later