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The nucleus contains the genetic catalog for the synthesis of nearly all cellular __________.
proteins
The nuclear envelope is a ____________________ barrier surrounding the nucleus.
double membrane
Nuclear __________ regulate passage of large particles into and out of the nucleus.
pores
Chromatin is made of nucleosomes, clusters of eight ________ proteins connected by DNA.
histone
When a cell is preparing to divide, chromatin condenses into rod-like ______________.
chromosomes
In eukaryotic organisms, genes are composed of exons and introns. The process of creating RNA from DNA is called ____________.
transcription
The second main step of protein synthesis, which converts RNA to amino acids, is called ____________.
translation
__________ RNA (mRNA) copies the sequence of DNA.
Messenger
__________ RNA (tRNA) translates the nucleic acid sequence into amino acids.
Transfer
__________ RNA (rRNA) binds to mRNA and tRNA in the ribosome.
Ribosomal
Transcription involves the enzyme ____________, which synthesizes the mRNA strand.
RNA polymerase
The process that removes noncoding introns and reconnects exons is called __________.
splicing
There are ____ codons, each specifying one of the 20 amino acids or a ________ codon.
64, stop
During translation, the ribosome shifts by one codon after a peptide bond is formed. This process continues until a ___________ codon is reached.
stop
The nuclear envelope consists of two __________ with space in between.
membranes
The function of the nuclear envelope is to protect the nucleus and regulate ________ between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
exchange
The nucleolus is primarily responsible for the synthesis of __________.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Chromatin plays a crucial role in __________ by packaging DNA into a smaller volume.
condensation
A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for producing a __________.
protein
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in __________ is translated into proteins.
DNA
Genes function by coding for the production of __________, which carry out various roles in the cell.
proteins
The two phases of protein synthesis are __________ and __________.
transcription, translation
In transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce __________.
mRNA
During translation, mRNA is read by __________ to synthesize proteins.
ribosomes
__________ carry amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
tRNA
__________ RNA (rRNA) is a structural and functional component of ribosomes during translation.
Ribosomal
A triplet is a group of three _________ in DNA, while a codon is a group of three __________ in mRNA.
nucleotides, nucleotides
An anticodon is a three-nucleotide sequence on __________ that is complementary to the mRNA codon.
tRNA
