Nucleus and Protein Synthesis Notes

The nucleus contains the genetic catalog for the synthesis of nearly all cellular __________.

proteins

The nuclear envelope is a ____________________ barrier surrounding the nucleus.

double membrane

Nuclear __________ regulate passage of large particles into and out of the nucleus.

pores

Chromatin is made of nucleosomes, clusters of eight ________ proteins connected by DNA.

histone

When a cell is preparing to divide, chromatin condenses into rod-like ______________.

chromosomes

In eukaryotic organisms, genes are composed of exons and introns. The process of creating RNA from DNA is called ____________.

transcription

The second main step of protein synthesis, which converts RNA to amino acids, is called ____________.

translation

__________ RNA (mRNA) copies the sequence of DNA.

Messenger

__________ RNA (tRNA) translates the nucleic acid sequence into amino acids.

Transfer

__________ RNA (rRNA) binds to mRNA and tRNA in the ribosome.

Ribosomal

Transcription involves the enzyme ____________, which synthesizes the mRNA strand.

RNA polymerase

The process that removes noncoding introns and reconnects exons is called __________.

splicing

There are ____ codons, each specifying one of the 20 amino acids or a ________ codon.

64, stop

During translation, the ribosome shifts by one codon after a peptide bond is formed. This process continues until a ___________ codon is reached.

stop

The nuclear envelope consists of two __________ with space in between.

membranes

The function of the nuclear envelope is to protect the nucleus and regulate ________ between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

exchange

The nucleolus is primarily responsible for the synthesis of __________.

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Chromatin plays a crucial role in __________ by packaging DNA into a smaller volume.

condensation

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for producing a __________.

protein

The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in __________ is translated into proteins.

DNA

Genes function by coding for the production of __________, which carry out various roles in the cell.

proteins

The two phases of protein synthesis are __________ and __________.

transcription, translation

In transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce __________.

mRNA

During translation, mRNA is read by __________ to synthesize proteins.

ribosomes

__________ carry amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

tRNA

__________ RNA (rRNA) is a structural and functional component of ribosomes during translation.

Ribosomal

A triplet is a group of three _________ in DNA, while a codon is a group of three __________ in mRNA.

nucleotides, nucleotides

An anticodon is a three-nucleotide sequence on __________ that is complementary to the mRNA codon.

tRNA