Citizenship Exam 3

3 Posts of Environmentalism

Postindustrial, Postmaterial, Postcolonial

Postindustrial - Description

activism related to the impact of industrialization on the enviormnet. An antrhopocentric movement that emphasizes the protection of human health through a clean environmnent. NIABY, Glocal

NIABY

“Not in Anybody’s Backyard’. Global issues and struggles in ‘everyone’s backyard’

Glocal

Integration of the local and the global. ex.) different McDonald’s menu per country.

Postindustrial - Citizenship Theory

• Depends on emphasis.

• Republican: Focus on individual duties/the community good.

• Liberal: Focus on health rights and property rights.

• Pluralist: the rights of minorities; how minority communities are more affected by pollution/industrial waste.

Postmaterial - Description

Valuing nature in and of itself and for leisure and aesthetic pleasure. Ecocentric and focuses on the rights of nature and nature conservation. Global North imposing environmental values on the Global South

Postmaterial - Citizenship Theory

Cosmopolitan citizenship: Ecotourism and conservation volunteering.

Animal vs human rights

Postcolonial - Description

Environmental activism associated with the struggles against the economic colonization by the Global North and the resistance against material poverty and political oppression in the Global South.

Postcolonial - Citizneship theory

Indigenous environmental citizenship: indigenous people resisting mega-projects and industrial extraction that threaten their homelands.

Ecofeminist citizenship: Women as leaders, nature as part of cultural identity; relationships with nature.

Fraglie Democracy

A form of democracy that is vulnerable to collapse, often influenced by political instability, social unrest, or external pressures.

Global North and South

Terms used to describe the economically developed countries (Global North) and the developing nations (Global South), often highlighting disparities in wealth, power, and development.

Conservation refugees

people displaced from their native homelands when conservation areas/natural parks are developed.

Great Apes Project

A global initiative aimed at protecting the rights of great apes and their habitats, their individual liberities, promoting conservation, and reducing human impact on their populations.

Project Tiger

A conservation program launched in India aimed at protecting the Bengal tiger and its habitat through habitat preservation, anti-poaching measures, and community involvement.

Green Belt Movement

an indigenous grassroots organization in Kenya that empowers women through the planting of trees. It is one of the most effective and well-known grassroots organisations addressing the problem of global deforestation.

Florestania

Social development in the Amazon. Sustainable extraction of forest products and protection of livelihoods, and extension of citizenship for forest dwellers as global forest citizens of Earth.

Wagari Maathi

is a Kenyan environmental and political activist best known for founding the Green Belt Movement. She was the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.

Chico Mendes

Brazilian environmentalist and often referred to as a union leader. Worked to protect the Amazon rainforest and the rights of its inhabitants, promoting sustainable practices and fighting against deforestation.

Caeser Chavez

American labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association. He is known for advocating for the rights of farm workers and championing nonviolent protest.

Lois Gibbs

an American environmental activist known for her leadership in the Love Canal movement, which addressed the health impacts of toxic waste in her neighborhood.

Love Canal

a site in New York that became a national symbol of the environmental movement. Gibbs led the effort to expose the dangers of toxic waste dumping, resulting in evacuations and significant policy changes.

Trends in Rural America

• Population gains in the West and SouthWest, Periphery of large metro areas, Amenity-rich/recreational area, Energy Boom areas

• Population losses: The Farming, mining, rural manufacturing industries, and counties. Eastern U.S

• Increase in rural diversity

3 types of growth patterns in rural America

1. Rapid Growth (Recreation, tourism, retirement destination)

2. Chronic decline (Great Plains states (Utah))

3. Boom and bust (energy and resources extraction)

Rural and Urban differences

• Economic base (government, finance, commerce, administration vs agriculture + natural resources, job growth)

• Concentration of college educated-masses

• Health Care and other public services

• Educational opportunities

• Political differences and voting patterns

7 types of community capitals

Natural, Cultural, Human, Social, Political, Financial, Built.

Natural Community Captial

The quality and quantity of natural and environmental resources existing in a community.

Example: parks, lakes, rivers, wildlife, forestland,, farmland

Cultural Community Captial

values, norms, beliefs and traditions. Material and nomaterial aspects of life.

Examples: Cultural events, musical heritage, libraries, museums.

Human Community Capital

skills and abilities, formal and informal education. Life experiences of individual community members.

Examples: Formal/Informal educational institutions, workforce training programs, leadership programs.

Social Community Captial

Networks, norms of reciprocity, mutual trust that exist within and among groups, contribute to a common identity.

Example: Activities that build trust among different people, citizen community discussions and events. Organizations that link diversity of people together.

Poltical Community Capital

the ability of a group to influence the distribution of resources within a social unit. Organization, connections, voice and power.

Example: Elected officials, citizen legal participation, voting rates in local/state/national elections.

Financial Community Capital

Money and other financial resources and institutions.

Example: Banks, credit unions, loan firms, local businesses, community foundations.

Built Community Capital

Represents the infrastructure of the community - the basic set of facilities, services and physical structures needed by a community.

Example: Factories, roads, schools, community centers, housing.

Causes for the rural-urban divides

• Changing global conditions - economic restructuring, stagnant wages, extractive industries, agricultural changes, and federal laws.

• Collective sense of neglect and betrayal - rural working class not valued, us vs them, not getting their fair share of government resources

• Resistience the government regulations

• Falling behind economically

• Shift in democratic party priorities - shift from working class to professional class.

Example Solutions to bridging the divide

positive media attention, strategics initatives, working together, depolarizing initives, building empathy, civic and political participation, more third places.

Farm

Any place from which $1000 or more of agricultural products are sold per year. Mostly family-owned small farms

Farm trends from 1920 to 2020

• Number of farms and farm population has been declining over 100 years (6.4 million farms to 2.02 million farms)

• The size of farms increased

• Less farming-dependent counties.

• Farming output only increased due to agricultural revolution

Main types of crops grown

1. Corn

2. Soybeans

3. Hay

4. Wheat

5. Cotton

6. Sorghum

7. Rice

   Cattles + animals

   Tobacco

Census of Agriculture

A complete count of US farmers and ranches and the operating people. Counducted every 5 years since 1840 by the US department of agriculture-economic research service.

Agriculture Trends

1. Increased specialization of production

2. Increase in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs *mass animal population in small confined spaces*)

3. Use of GMOS

4. Increase in vertical integration (Owning all aspects of the production process)

5. Increase in the concentration of population

6. Industrialization of farming.

Counter reactions to agricultural trends

1. Increase in organic farms

2. increase in urban agriculture

3. alternative markets

4. alternative sources of income - small scale/direct retail sales

5. Agro-tourism

6. Specialty enterprises

Concentration in the food industry

10 large corporation produuce almost all of the food

increased food imports

Concerns about agriculture

• Decreasing US citizens’ interest in agriculture

• Food security and Food deserts

• Hunger and Obesity

• Food safety

• Environmental

  • water runoff/soil/air qualities

• Loss of family farms

• migrant and agricultural workers.

Food System

A complex set of social, economic, and biophysical relationships including:

growing, harvesting, processing, packaging, transportation, distribution,etc.

Demographics of agricultural farmworkers

• 2.4 million workers

• 70% foreign born,

• 36-44% lack authorized work status

• 15% migrant workers

  • majortiy from Mexico

Concerns about agricultrual farmworkers

• Lack of legal protection

• fears of deportation

• Labor law protections - minimum wage, overtime pay

• hazardous work environments - heat, pesticides and chmicals, injuries

• access to medical care and mental health

• child labor

Bracero Program

A program initiated in 1942 allowing Mexican laborers to work temporarily in the United States, primarily in agriculture, to fill labor shortages during World War II.

H2-A visa program

Replaced the Bracero Program.

Appalachian coal mining

The mass coal production and mining allowed for the US to use it in the Industrial Revolution and WWII. However, due to the poverty rates, health hazards, destruction of the environment, and the rapid change in fortune, coal production has decreased significantly.

Appalachian coal mining- environmental impacts

• Waters emergeing from mined lanscapes are altered in quality and carried ions, chanigng the water in streams and the aquatic life. Loss of species and reduced abundances.

• Neglected lan areas left barren and eroding is now left with non-native invasive plants. Restoration to pre-mining land is a difficult process

Socioeconomic challenges and the future for appalachian mining communities

The socioeconomic challenges facing Appalachian mining communities include high unemployment, declining job opportunities in coal mining, and the need for economic diversification. The future of these communities may depend on alternative energy sources and sustainable economic development.

Solar Panels in Ohio

• Controversy, conflict, and rights

• role of citizens

• place attachment

• media

• rural-urban linkage

• Increasing renewable energy production