physiology anatomy and osmosis study guide

anatomy

branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by the separation and dissection of parts

physiology

branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts

major structures in the respiratory system

bronchi, diaphragm, larynx, lungs, trachea

major structures in the digestive system

esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

major structures in the cardiovascular system

aorta, hepatic portal vein, pulmonary artery, renal vein, vena cava, heart

major structures in the urinary system

kidney, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder

major structures in the endocrine system

adrenal glands, hypothalamus, ovary, pancreas, pituitary, testes, thymus, thyroid

major structures in the lymphatic system

spleen, thymus

major structures in the male reproductive system

epididymis, penis, prostate, scrotum, testes, deferent duct

major structures in the female reproductive system

cervix, ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina

what structures are part of more than one system

heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, ovaries and testes, skin, etc

anterior and posterior

towards the head and towards the butt (on 4-legged creatures)

cranial/cephalic and caudal

toward the head (superior) and towards the feet (inferior)

dorsal and ventral

towards the spine and towards the belly

medial and lateral

towards the midline and away from the midline

palmar and plantar

ventral surface of the hand and interior surface of the foot

proximal and distal

towards the center and away from the center

rostral and caudal

towards the tip of the nose and towards the tail

superficial and deep

towards the surface and towards the center

superior and inferior

above the head and below the feet

frontal plane

divides body into dorsal and ventral sections

sagittal plane

divides body into unequal right and left halves

median/midsagittal plane

divides body into equal right and left halves

transverse plane

divides body into cranial and caudal sections

quadruped

animal who has 4 feet

biped

animal who has 2 feet

diffusion

movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

osmosis

process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution

osmole

one mole of any fully dissociated substance dissolved in water

osmolarity

number of osmoles per liter of solution (mOsm/L)

osmolality

number of osmoles per kg of solution (mOsm/kg)

tonicity

ability of a solution to make water move in and out of a cell through osmosis

osmotic pressure

minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane

hypertonic

excess solute outside of the cell, water rushes out of the cell

isotonic

equal amounts of solute in and outside of the cell, water flows in both directions

hypotonic

excess solute inside of the cell, water rushes into the cell