PATHO Test 1

what is health?

general well-being

what is Etiology

study of the causes/origin of diseases

what are Nosocomial infections?

infections that healthcare professionals bring into patients room

examples of how nosocomial infections are spread?

bad handwashing and transfered by equipment

What are Iatrogenic events?

events that are caused by treatment and ARE EXPECTED by healthcare professionals

what is an example of Iatrogenic events?

chemo → losing hair & weaken immune system

what are idiopathic diseases

Diseases that healthcare professionals DONT KNOW what caused it

what does congenital mean?

condtions present at birth

what does aquired mean?

conditions caused by events occurring after birth

• lifestyle factors often cause this

what are modefiable risk factors and some examples?

factors that people have control over

• diet, physical activity, BP

what are examples of non modefiable risk factors?

Race, Age, and Gender

what are precipitating factors?

factors, or triggers, that promote the onset of clinical manifestations

what is pathogenesis?

how a disease infects an individual after exposure

what is morphology?

the study of the form and structure of cells or tissues

what are clinical manifestations

how the disease looks on a pateint

what is a sign

a sign is something that can be seen or observed

what are some examples of a sign?

HR, BP, cough, swelling, rash, and temperature

what is a symptom

something that you cannot see and is felt internally

what are some examples of a symptom?

pain, headache, nausea, depression, and fatigue

what is a local manifestation?

manifestations found at the site of the disease

what are some examples of local manifestations?

Redness, heat, pain, and swelling/edema

what is systemic manifestations?

manifestations present throughout the body

what are some example of systemic manifestations?

Fever, body aches, chills, and fatigue

what does acute mean?

comes on quickly and is gone quickly

what does chronic mean?

Last at least 6 months or more

what is epidemiology?

the study of disease occurrence in human populations

what does incidence mean?

the # of newly diagnosed cases of a disease during a specific time

what does prevalence mean?

the # of people who have the disease at a specific time

what does prognosis mean?

the prospect of recovery or probable outcome

what is primary disease prevention?

avoids development of a disease and removes risk factors

examples of primary preventive strategies?

Vaccines, diet, physical activity, stopping smoking, and brushing teeth

what is secondary disease prevention?

early detection treatment and prevention progression

examples of secondary preventive strategies

colonoscopy, mammograms, pap smears, skin checks, and yearly check ups

what is tertiary disease prevention

reduce complications of established diease

examples of tertiary preventive strategies?

chemotherapy, radiation therapy, BP meds, insulin, and physical therapy

True or False: Atrophic cells are NOT dead, just have reduced function

TRUE

what are examples of physiologic HYPERTROPHY?

increase in muscle mass due to exercise and uterine/breast enlargement during pregnancy

what is pathologic hypertrophy?

ABNORMAL increase in size of cells which causes enlargment or an organ….. DETERMENTAL TO BODY

what is an example of pathologic hypertrophy?

left ventricular hypertrophy

what is compensatory hypertrophy?

ONE organ isnt doing enough SO other organ has to compensate for that

what is hyperplasia

an increase in number of cells

what are examples if physiologic hyperplasia?

breast enlargement during puberty, uterine/breast enlargement during pregnancy, and increase in uterine lining during menstural cycle

what are examples of pathologic hyperplasia?

skin warts

what are examples of compensatory hyperplasia?

regeneration of liver tissue, wound healing, and calluses

TRUE OR FALSE: hypertrophy and hyperplasia CAN happen together

TRUE

what is metaplasia?

REVERSIBLE replacement of one type of cell for another

• SAME TISSUE TYPE

what is dysplasia?

abnormal change in size, shape, and organization

• could develop into cancer

what are examples if nonionizing radiation injury?

microwaves, sound waves, and ultrasounds

what are examples of ultraviolet radiation injury

Uv rays

what are examples of ionzing radiation injuries?

X-rays, gamma rays, radiation

• these can disrupt atoms

what are free radicals?

things that steal electrons from healthy cells

• increased by alcohol, fried food, etc

TRUE OR FALSE: Too MUCH calcium in cells affects cell membrane

TRUE

what does prolonged oxidative stress cause?

cancers, parkinsons, etc

what is hypoxia?

not enough oxygen to cells and tissues

TRUW OR FALSE: hypoxia is the most common and important cause of cell injury?

TRUE

what are some causes of hypoxia?

not enough oxygen in air, respiratory diseases, anemia, ischemia(decreased blood flow)

what is apoptosis?

programmed cell death

• does not include inflammation

what is necrosis?

irreversible cell injury

• not anticipated and wounds do not heal

• CAUSES INFLAMMATION

what are the 3 parts of extracellular fluid?

interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, and transcellular fluids

what is diffusion?

movement of SOLUTES

high → low concentration

what is osmosis?

movement of WATER

low → high concentration

what is Active Transport?

requires ATP (energy)

moves molecules too large to diffuse

what is an isotonic solution?

A solution with EQUAL SOLUTE AND EQUAL WATER

• has no net movement

what is a hypertonic solution?

Has a higher solute OUTSIDE and higher water INSIDE
- water moves out of cell → so cell shrinks

what is a hypotonic solution?

Has a higher solute INSIDE and higher water OUTSIDE

• water moves IN → so cell SWELLS

what is hydrostatic pressure?

pushed water out of the capillaries into the interstitial spaces

what is Oncotic pressure?

pull force of plasma proteins brining fluid back into the capillaries

what are causes of Edema?

• increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

• decreased capillary oncotic pressure

• obstruction in lymphatic system

• increased capillary permeability

(can have a combination of more than one)

what is lymphedema

fluid that builds up in the body’s tissues because the lymphatic system is blocked or damaged

• obstructs lymphatic drainage

what is localized edema?

swelling in just one specific area

• increased capillary permiability

EX: Bug bite

what is generalized edema?

Edema that is everywhere

EX: Liver Cirrohis or Congestive Heart Failure

what is dependent edema?

swelling in the lower part of body due to gravity

What is Pitting Edema?

a type of swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body tissues where pressing a finger into the swollen area leaves a temporary dent or "pit" that slowly fills back in

what are some clinical manifestations of edema?

• decreased blood circulation

• swelling

• rapid weight gain

• shiny/tight/red skin

TRUE OR FALSE: intake should = output

TRUE

what is fluid intake regulated by?

thirst

what is Antidieretic hormone(ADH)?

a vasopressin that controls the amount of water leaving the body

• works against fluid loss

what is aldosterone?

controls retention of sodium AND water

what organ does RAAS deal with?

Liver

what is the end result of RAAS?

increased BP

Diabetes Insipidus

Dry Inside

signs of diabetes insipidus

-low levels of ADH
-High Urinary output(polyuria)

-hypernatremia

-dehydration

-lose to much fluid

SIADH

Soaked Inside

signs of SIADH

-high levels of ADH

-low urinary output

-hyponatremia

-over hydrated

-retain too much fluid

TRUE OR FALSE: sodium is the most abundant electrolyte in the extracellular fluid

TRUE

function of sodium

regulates water inside & outside the cell AND plays a key role in normal nerve/ muscle function

what does higher osmolarity mean?

more concentrated solution

ways we lose sodium

sweat, feces, urine

how does aldosterone work on sodium?

tells kidneys to save sodium

how does ADH work on sodium?

saves water → dilutes sodium levels

what is the etiology of HYPOATREMIA

• increased sodium loss → V/D

• decreased sodium intake

• fluid overload

• increased ADH

• decreased aldosterone

what is the patho of hyponatremia?

low Na+ causes water to move into cells → leading to cellular swelling

what are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia?

• stupor( almost coma)

• lethargy

• confusion

• spasms/seizures

• headaches

• limp muscles

• orthostatic hypotension

• nausea/vomiting

what is the etiology of hypernatremia?

-excessive intake

• foods or IV fluids

-excess H2O output

• v/d

• urine

• hemorrhage, burns

• osmotic dieresis

- decreased H2O intake

-diabetes insipidus

what is the pathogensis of hypernatremia?

high sodium pulls water out of cells → causes cellular dehydrations and shrinkage

what are clinical manifestations of hypernatremia?

-restlessness, anxiety

-confusion

-hypertension

-thirst

-edema

-decreased urine output

-dry mouth

is potassium intra or extracellular?

Intracellular

what is function of potassium?

facilitates glycogen storage in liver, influences cell membrane polarization

List of Potassium Rich Foods

oranges, tomatoes, bananas, avocados, strawberries, leafy greens

what is the etiology of hyperkalemia?

-decreased renal elimination

-excessive intake

-acidosis