Ireland before 1922

What five features characterised Ireland's long relationship with Britain?

political control, settlement, religious division, migration, resistance

What did the Plantations of Ireland involve?

settlement of Protestant colonists on redistributed Irish land

Where were Protestant colonists particularly settled during the Plantations of Ireland?

Ulster

Whose land was taken or redistributed during the Plantations of Ireland?

Gaelic Irish and Catholic landowners

Until what year was Ireland politically separate from Great Britain?

1801

Where was Ireland's parliament located before the Union?

Dublin

What abolished the Irish Parliament in Dublin?

Acts of Union 1800

What state incorporated Ireland after the Acts of Union?

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Where were Irish MPs represented after the Acts of Union?

Westminster

What did the Catholic Emancipation Act 1829 allow Catholics to do?

sit in Parliament

Why was Catholic parliamentary exclusion especially significant in Ireland?

Catholics were the majority

When did the Great Famine take place?

1845–1852

Approximately how many people died in the Great Famine?

one million

Approximately how many people emigrated during the worst years of the Great Famine?

one million or more

What did Irish nationalists generally support?

greater self-government or independence

How did constitutional nationalists seek greater Irish self-government?

political and parliamentary means

What political system did Irish republicans seek?

an independent Irish republic

What means were militant republicans willing to use?

armed force

What did Irish unionists seek to maintain?

the union with Britain

What distinguished loyalists from unionists in the 20th-century conflict?

willingness to use or support violence

Why are nationalist and republican not synonymous?

nationalists did not necessarily demand a republic

Why are unionist and loyalist not synonymous?

unionists did not necessarily support violence

Which party dominated constitutional nationalist politics before WWI?

Irish Parliamentary Party

What was the IPP's main objective?

Home Rule

What did Home Rule mean?

Irish self-government within the UK

Which British party increasingly depended on IPP MPs for a parliamentary majority?

Liberals

Why did IPP representation make Irish politics important to British domestic politics?

Liberals depended on IPP support

Who introduced the first Home Rule Bill?

William Gladstone

When was the first Home Rule Bill introduced?

1886

Who opposed the first Home Rule Bill?

Liberal Unionists and Conservatives

What effect did the first Home Rule Bill have on the Liberal Party?

it split the party

When did Gladstone introduce the second Home Rule Bill?

1893

Which institution rejected the second Home Rule Bill?

House of Lords

Who was prime minister when the third Home Rule Bill was introduced?

H. H. Asquith

When was the third Home Rule Bill introduced?

1912

Why did Home Rule become increasingly difficult for Liberal governments to avoid?

dependence on IPP MPs

Whose support did the Conservatives increasingly depend on over the Irish Question?

Irish Unionists

What prospect caused major Ulster Unionist mobilisation in 1912–14?

Home Rule

What two major consequences of Home Rule did Ulster Unionists fear?

weaker British ties and Catholic domination

What slogan encapsulated Unionist fear of Catholic domination?

Home Rule = Rome Rule

What organisation was formed in 1912–13 to resist Home Rule?

Ulster Volunteers

How many people signed the Ulster Covenant?

over 470,000

When was the Ulster Covenant signed?

September 1912

What did signatories of the Ulster Covenant pledge to resist?

Home Rule

What means did the Ulster Covenant contemplate for resisting Home Rule?

insurrection

When did the Larne gun-running occur?

April 1914

What did the Larne gun-running achieve?

armed the Ulster Volunteers

Where did the Larne gun-running weapons come from?

Germany

How many rifles were involved in the Larne gun-running?

25,000

How much ammunition was involved in the Larne gun-running?

5 million rounds

How did British authorities respond to the Larne gun-running?

did little to intervene

When did the Curragh Incident occur?

March 1914

What problem did the Curragh Incident reveal for the British government?

difficulty using the army against Ulster Unionists

What did officers threaten to do rather than enforce Home Rule against Ulster Unionists?

resign

Which Conservative politician helped engineer the Curragh Incident?

Bonar Law

What position did Bonar Law take towards Ulster resistance?

strong support

Which nationalist organisation was established in November 1913?

Irish Volunteers

Why were the Irish Volunteers established?

to defend Irish self-government

When did the Howth gun-running occur?

July 1914

How many rifles were imported in the Howth gun-running?

1,500

What event followed the Howth gun-running?

Bachelor's Walk Massacre

How many civilians were killed in the Bachelor's Walk Massacre?

four

Why did the Bachelor's Walk Massacre occur?

troops failed to seize nationalist weapons

When did the Government of Ireland Act receive Royal Assent?

18 September 1914

Why was the Government of Ireland Act 1914 not implemented?

First World War

What territorial issue remained unresolved under the 1914 Home Rule settlement?

Ulster's exclusion

What three territorial options were considered for excluding Ulster?

nine counties, six counties, or a smaller area

Which Ulster model eventually formed Northern Ireland?

six counties

Did the Government of Ireland Act 1914 create Northern Ireland?

no

Why did many Unionists support Britain's WWI effort?

commitment to Britain and the Union

Why did many nationalists support Britain's WWI effort?

hope of securing Home Rule

When did the Easter Rising begin?

April 1916

Where did the Easter Rising occur?

Dublin

What political objective did the Easter Rising proclaim?

an Irish Republic

Which three organisations participated in the Easter Rising?

IRB, Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army

How did Britain respond militarily to the Easter Rising?

sent troops into Dublin

Why did the Easter Rising initially lack widespread support?

Britain was fighting WWI

What transformed public attitudes after the Easter Rising?

British repression

How many Rising leaders were executed?

16

What measures helped increase support for republicanism after the Easter Rising?

executions, mass arrests and repression

Which party benefited from changing opinion after the Easter Rising?

Sinn Féin

What fundamental political shift followed the Easter Rising?

Home Rule gave way to demands for independence

Who was the most senior surviving commandant of the Easter Rising?

Éamon de Valera

What happened to Sinn Féin after the Easter Rising?

it became a major separatist movement

What happened to Sinn Féin in the 1918 general election?

won a large majority of Irish seats

What did Sinn Féin MPs refuse to do after the 1918 election?

sit at Westminster

What parliament did Sinn Féin establish in 1919?

Dáil Éireann

What claim did the establishment of Dáil Éireann represent?

right to an independent Irish state

What settlement did Sinn Féin reject by establishing the Dáil?

Home Rule

Which organisation conducted the republican military campaign in 1919–21?

IRA

Which two paramilitary forces reinforced British security forces?

Black and Tans and Auxiliary Division

Where was fighting in the War of Independence most intense?

southern and western Ireland

What legislation attempted to resolve the Irish Question during the War of Independence?

Government of Ireland Act 1920

What two political units did the Government of Ireland Act 1920 create?

Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland

How many counties comprised Northern Ireland?

six

Why did Sinn Féin largely ignore the Southern Ireland parliament?

it recognised the Dáil instead

When was the War of Independence truce agreed?

July 1921

Who led the Irish delegation in the Treaty negotiations?

Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith

Where did the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations occur?

London

Who remained in Ireland during the Treaty negotiations?

Éamon de Valera