Y25_Tiếng anh_Chapter 3: The skeletal system

Tendon

(n) - [Count]: connects muscle to bone. → Gân

Ligament

(n) - [Count]: connect bone to bone. → Dây chằng

Cartilage

(n) - [Count/Uncount]: help bones move smoothly against each other.

Endocrine regulation

(n): The control of body processes by hormones secreted from glands.

4 types:

Osteogenic cell (n): TB gốc xương
Osteoblast (n): nguyên bào xương (TB xương chưa trưởng thành)
Osteocyte (n): TB xương trưởng thành
Osteoclast (n): hủy bào xương

How many types of bone cell are there?

Hematopoietic stem cell

(n): TB gốc tạo máu

Osseous tissue

(n) - [Uncount]: Mô xương

2 types:

Compact bone: (n) - Xương đặc
Spongy bone = Cancellous bone: (n) - Xương xốp → Help bone absorb shock and reduce weight.

How many types of bone are there to form a complete long bone?

From 2 bone ends → the center of the bone:
Epiphysis, (n) - [Count]: Đầu xương
Metaphysis, (n): Phần nối giữa đầu xương với thân xương.
Diaphysis, (n) - [Count]: The bone shaft.

From outside → inside:
Periosterum, (n): Màng xương
Medullary cavity, (n): Ống tủy

Describe structure of a typical long bone.

5 types: Long bone, short bone, flat bone, sesamoid bone (Bone embedded in a tendon), irregular bone

How mant types of bone are there based on shapes?

Ossification

(n): The process of bone formation.

Axial skeleton, (n): Bộ xương trục (including skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum).

Appendicular skeleton, (n): Bộ xương phụ (including arm, leg,…).

How many parts is the skeletal system devided into?

Frontal bone: Xương trán
Parietal bone: X.đỉnh
Occipital bone: X.chẩm
Temporal bone: X.thái dương
Zygomatic bone: Cheekbone
Maxilla: Upper jawbone
Mandible: Lower jawbone
Suture: Rãnh hộp sọ

Describe some types of bones of the skull.

Vertebra [Singular] → Vertebrae [Plural]

(n): Đốt sống

Cervical vertebrae (7): Các đốt sống cổ.
+ Atlas: Đốt đội C1 (allow the head to nod)
+ Axis: Đốt trục C2 (allow the head to turn)

Thoracic vertebrae (12): Các đ.s ngực

Lumbar vertebrae (5): Các đ.s thắt lưng

Sacrum (5): Xương cùng → Fused vertebrae

Coccyx (4): Xương cụt → Fused vertebrae

Describe spinal column = Vertebral column = Spine.

Sternum (n): breastbone
Costae (n): ribs
Costal cartilage (n): sụn sườn
Floating ribs (n)
Clavicle (n): Collarbone
Scapula (n): shoulder blade
Pectoral girdle (n) = shoulder girdle: Clavicle + Scapula
Rotator cuff (n): Group of tendons stabilizing the shoulder joint (chóp xoay vai).

Desribe bones of rib cage.

Rib cage

(n): Lồng ngực

Humerus (n): The upper arm bone
Radius (n): Xương quay
Ulna (n): Xương trụ
Carpal(s) (n): Xương cổ tay
Metacarpal(s) (n): Xương bàn tay
Phalanges (n):  Xương đốt ngón → Used for hand and foot.

Describe some bones of arm.

Pelvic girdle

(n): Đai chậu

Coxae → Plural noun

(n): Hips bone

Femur (n): X.đùi
Patella (n): Kneecap (X.bánh chè)
Tibia (n): Shin bone (X.chày)
Fibula (n): Xương mác
Tarsal(s) (n): X.cổ chân
Metatarsal(s) (n): Xương bàn chân
Phalange(s)

Describe some bones of leg.

Extracellular matrix

(n): The material outside cells that provides structural support.

Hyaline cartilage

(n): sụn trong

Fibrocartilage

(n): Cartilage with thick collagen, very strong (sụn xơ).

Avascular

(adj): Without blood vessels.

Joint = articulation

(n) - [Count]: The place where two or more bones meet each other.

Hinge joint

(n): Khớp bản lề

Synovial joint

(n): Khớp hoạt dịch

Synovial membrane

(n): Màng hoạt dịch

Synovial fluid

(n): Dịch hoạt khớp

a reservoir for…
Ex: Bones act as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus.

(n): một kho dự trữ cho

Homeostasis

(n): Cân bằng nội môi

Calcitonin

(n): Hormone moves calcium from bloodstream into bones

Parathyroid hormone

(n): Hormone releases calcium from bones into bloodstream.

Osteoarthritis

(n): Thoái hóa khớp

Rheumatoid arthritis

(n): Viêm khớp dạng thấp

Sprain

(n): Bong gân

Contusion

(n): Vết bầm tím

Osteoporosis

(n): Loãng xương

Acromegaly

(n): Bệnh to đầu chi

Osteomalacia

(n): Nhuyễn xương

Difference between “Osteomalacia” and “Osteoporosis”.

Rickets

(n): Còi xương

Post-menopausal

(adj): Sau mãn kinh