Unit 1

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Central Nervous System

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Comprises the brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System

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Includes voluntary (Somatic) and involuntary (Autonomic) functions.

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93 Terms

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Central Nervous System

Comprises the brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System

Includes voluntary (Somatic) and involuntary (Autonomic) functions.

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Parasympathetic

The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for 'rest and digest' activities.

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Sympathetic

The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for 'fight or flight' responses.

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Soma

The cell body of a neuron.

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Dendrites

Parts of a neuron that receive signals.

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Receptor sites

Locations that bind neurotransmitters on a neuron's surface.

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Axon

The part of a neuron that transmits signals away from the soma.

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Myelin sheath

Insulating layer around an axon that increases signal transmission speed.

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Axon terminal branches/buttons

The structures at the end of axons that release neurotransmitters.

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Synaptic vesicles

Small sacs that store neurotransmitters before release.

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Synapse

The gap between neurons where communication occurs.

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Glial cells

Support cells that assist neurons in various functions.

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Sensory neuron

A neuron that receives stimuli from the environment.

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Motor neuron

A neuron that initiates and transmits movement signals.

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Brain plasticity

The brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself.

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Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with reward and movement.

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Serotonin

A neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation and sleep.

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Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter that influences alertness.

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Glutamate

The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

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GABA

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

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Endorphins

Neurotransmitters that provide pain relief.

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Substance P

A neurotransmitter involved in pain signaling.

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Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter important for muscle action and memory.

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Ghrelin

A hormone that stimulates hunger.

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Leptin

A hormone that signals satiety or fullness.

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Melatonin

A hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

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Oxytocin

A hormone associated with bonding and social connections.

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Adrenaline

A hormone involved in stress response.

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Brain stem

Area of the brain responsible for survival functions.

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Medulla

Part of the brain stem that controls breathing and heart rate.

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Reticular Activating System

A network involved in arousal and consciousness.

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Cerebellum

Brain region that coordinates movement and balance.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the brain involved in higher cognitive functions.

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Corpus callosum

The structure that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

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Occipital lobe

Brain area responsible for processing vision.

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Temporal lobe

Brain area involved in hearing and memory.

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Parietal lobe

Brain region associated with sensory processing.

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Frontal lobe

Brain area involved in decision-making and executive functions.

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Wernicke’s area

Brain region important for language comprehension.

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Broca’s area

Brain region responsible for speech production.

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Somatosensory cortex

Area of the brain that processes touch sensations.

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Prefrontal cortex

Part of the frontal lobe involved in planning and complex behavior.

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Motor cortex

Region of the brain that initiates voluntary movements.

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Thalamus

Brain structure that relays sensory information.

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Hypothalamus

Brain region that maintains homeostasis.

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Hippocampus

Brain structure associated with memory formation.

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Amygdala

Brain region involved in emotion processing.

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Pituitary gland

Gland that produces hormones regulating various bodily functions.

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Circadian rhythms

Biological processes that follow a 24-hour cycle.

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Beta waves

Brain activity associated with being awake.

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Alpha waves

Brain activity associated with relaxed awareness.

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Theta waves

Brain activity associated with light sleep.

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Delta waves

Brain activity associated with deep sleep.

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NREM 1

Stage of light sleep.

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NREM 2

Stage of sleep characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes.

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NREM 3-4

Stages of deep sleep.

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REM sleep

Stage of sleep where dreaming occurs.

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Activation-synthesis theory

Theory suggesting dreams result from random brain activity.

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Information-processing theory

Theory suggesting dreams aid in memory consolidation.

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Sleep theories

Concepts explaining the purpose of sleep, including restorative and evolutionary theories.

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Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep.

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Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder that causes excessive sleepiness.

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Apnea

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary pauses in breathing.

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Sensation

The process of receiving stimulus information from the environment.

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Absolute threshold

The minimum level of stimulus required to detect a sensation.

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Just-noticeable difference

The minimum change in a stimulus that can be detected.

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Weber’s law

Principle that the just-noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus.

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Retina

Layer in the eye that processes images.

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Rods

Photoreceptors in the eye that detect low light.

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Cones

Photoreceptors in the eye that detect color.

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Fovea

The area of the retina responsible for sharp vision.

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Lens

The eye structure that focuses light on the retina.

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Optic nerve

Nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

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Blindspot

Area of the retina with no light receptors.

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Bipolar cells

Neurons that transmit signals from the photoreceptors to ganglion cells in the retina.

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Ganglion cells

Neurons that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain.

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Trichromatic theory

Theory stating that color perception is based on three types of cones (red, green, blue).

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Opponent-process theory

Theory explaining color perception through opposing color pairs.

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Wavelength

The distance between peaks in a wave, associated with pitch in sound.

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Amplitude

The height of a wave, associated with volume in sound.

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Eardrum

Membrane that vibrates with sound waves and transmits them to the ossicles.

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Ossicles

Three tiny bones in the middle ear that amplify sound.

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Oval window

Membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the cochlea.

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Cochlea

Fluid-filled structure in the inner ear responsible for sound processing.

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Basilar membrane

Membrane in the cochlea that varies in thickness and frequency response.

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Auditory cilia

Hair cells in the cochlea that detect sound waves.

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Conduction deafness

Hearing loss due to problems in the outer or middle ear.

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Sensorineural deafness

Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.

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Olfactory bulb

Brain structure that relays information about smell.

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Gustatory system

System responsible for processing taste information.

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5 tastes

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami.

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Gate control theory

Theory that explains how the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals.