Exam 2 Study Guide: Foundations of Western Civilization

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114 Terms

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Foundation of Western Civilization

Greece and Rome established Western cultural foundations.

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Asclepius

Greek God of Medicine, linked to Imhotep.

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Alcmaeon

Greek physician opposing priestly medical practices.

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Hippocrates's Birth Date

Born in 460 B.C.E.

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Hippocrates's Education

Studied in Cos, center of Templar medicine.

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Holistic Approach

Focus on natural causes and treatments for illness.

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Theory of Humors

Four bodily humors: bile, blood, phlegm, black bile.

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Imbalance of Humors

Excess of humors leads to disease.

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Temperament and Personality

Humors influence emotional and psychological states.

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Theory of Epilepsy

Epilepsy caused by brain disharmony, not divine intervention.

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De morbu sacro

Hippocrates's work on epilepsy and its natural causes.

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Theory of Thirst

Thirst arises from dry mucous membranes in mouth.

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Calude Bernard

French physiologist who challenged Hippocrates's thirst theory.

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Hippocratic Oath

Ethical pledge taken by medical students today.

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Father of Medicine

Hippocrates, pivotal figure in ancient medical practices.

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Natural Treatments

Rest, exercise, diet, and social support for healing.

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Patient-Centered Care

Emphasis on patient welfare over mere disease treatment.

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Galen's Birth Date

Not provided in the notes.

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Postpartum Depression

Mental health condition described by Hippocrates.

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Phobias

Anxiety disorders identified by Hippocrates.

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Hysteria

Condition incorrectly attributed only to women by Hippocrates.

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Influence of African Medicine

Greek medicine derived knowledge from African practitioners.

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Galen's Birth Date

A.D. 130-200, in Pergamum.

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Galen's Training

Physician and anatomist at Alexandria.

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Knowledge According to Galen

Derived from ancient wisdom and personal observation.

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Atheistic Materialism

Opposed belief in chance-based matter formation.

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Divine View of the Body

Body's complexity indicates divine design.

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John Tillotson's Application

Applied Galen's ideas to human creativity.

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Heart's Role in Galen's View

Heart distills vital spirit from blood.

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Diseases of the Soul

Arise from passions like anger and grief.

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Curing Soul Diseases

Requires understanding and self-knowledge.

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William Harvey

Recognized heart as a pump, 1,500 years later.

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De usu partium

Galen's 17-book treatise on body functions.

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Ancient Egyptian Mathematics

Practical approach for construction and alignment.

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Greek Mathematics

Transformed measurements into mathematical theory.

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Pythagoras

Influential figure in mathematics and philosophy.

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Galen's Empirical Findings

Combined ancient wisdom with personal experiments.

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Divine Intelligence

Essential for creation, according to Tillotson.

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Vital Spirit

Responsible for movement and sensation in humans.

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Passions Governed by Irrational Power

Refusal to obey reason leads to soul diseases.

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Self-Love's Impact

Blinds individuals to their own faults.

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Role of Metro Therapist

Essential for curing diseases of the soul.

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Galen's Anatomical Studies

Revealed evidence of divine design.

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Galen's Clinical Experience

Gained insights from treating gladiators.

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Mathematics as Language of Science

Shaped worldviews in Western tradition.

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Pythagorean Theorem

Mathematical principle by Pythagoras on right triangles.

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Pythagoras

Greek mathematician known for the Pythagorean Theorem.

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Musical Instrument Strings

Pleasing notes correspond to string divisions.

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Democritus

Philosopher who developed the theory of atomism.

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Atomism

Theory that matter consists of tiny, moving atoms.

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Socrates

Philosopher emphasizing knowledge and self-examination.

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Socratic Method

Teaching method promoting dialogue and critical thinking.

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Socrates' Philosophy

Truth lies within each mind, not absolute authority.

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Socrates' Death

Executed for corrupting youth and undermining state religion.

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Plato

Socrates' pupil who founded an academy in Athens.

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Plato's Knowledge View

Knowledge increases through measurement and deductive reasoning.

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Forms

Eternal structures revealed through rational thought, beyond senses.

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Sensations vs. Forms

Sensations decay; Forms are permanent and real.

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Plato's Body View

Qualities localized: reason in head, courage in chest.

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Aristotle

Last major Greek philosopher, student of Plato.

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Aristotle and Alexander

Taught Alexander the Great as a tutor.

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Aristotle's Logic

Combined deduction with inductive, observational approaches.

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De memoria et reminiscentia

Aristotle's theory on memory's associative processes.

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Memory Associations

Linked by similarity, difference, time, and space.

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Frequency in Memory

Repetition enhances memory retention.

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Ease in Memory

Certain associations are easier to remember.

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Aristotle's Theory of Causes

Explains the reasons behind events and phenomena.

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Material Cause

Substance from which an object is made.

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Formal Cause

The form or essence of an object.

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Efficient Cause

Means or tools used to create an object.

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Final Cause

Purpose or reason behind an object's creation.

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Aristotle's Ladder of Creation

Hierarchy of life from plants to humans.

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Nutritive Life

Lowest life form, represented by plants.

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Sensitive Life

Intermediate life form, represented by animals.

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Rational Life

Highest life form, represented by humans.

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Aristotle's Belief on Heart

Heart is the seat of thought.

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Influence of Egyptian Practices

Heart's importance linked to ancient burial customs.

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Stoic School Beliefs

Rational principle guides the universe.

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Epicurean Beliefs

Life's goal is enjoyment without causing harm.

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Logos

Rational principle guiding the universe.

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Na'im Akbar's Psyche

Derived from Egyptian concepts of soul.

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Ka

Soul of Blood, gives form to substance.

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Ba

Soul of Breath, transmits ancestral energy.

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Khaba

Shade soul, responsible for emotions and perceptions.

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Akhu

Seat of intelligence and mental perception.

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Seb

Soul of pubescence, manifests at adolescence.

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Putah

Intellectual soul, marks brain-mind union.

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Atmu

Divine or eternal soul in Kemitic belief.

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Wet Nurse

Woman who breastfeeds another's child.

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Mrs. Girardeau

Enslaved woman seeking wet nurse services.

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Sally McMillen's Research

Quantified infant feeding practices from 1800-1860.

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Marylynn Salmon

Studied medicinal uses of breast milk in Europe.

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Cross-ethnic Wet Nursing

Involves nursing across different ethnic backgrounds.

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Wet Nursing

Practice of breastfeeding another's child.

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Sarah Angel

Gained freedom through aversion to cross-ethnic nursing.

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Betty Curlett

Believed women used wet nurses for aesthetics.

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Enslaved Wet Nurses

Forced to nurse while performing other labor.

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John Street

Slave owner who raped enslaved woman Louisa Street.

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Wet Nurse Marketplace

Network for hiring women to breastfeed infants.

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Southern Wet Nurse Market

Informal network relying on family and friends.