Basics of Functional Anatomy: Key Systems, Movements, and Joints

What is anatomy?

The science of the shape and structure of organisms and their parts.

What makes up the skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protect, attachment site, produce blood cells, stores minerals: calcium/phosphorus.

What are the functions of the muscular system?

Produce movement, maintain posture, produce heat.

What makes up the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

What is the function of the nervous system?

Regulation, coordination, sensory functions, motor, glandular secretions.

What makes up the circulatory system?

Heart and blood vessels.

What do arteries do?

Bring oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

What do veins do?

Bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

What makes up the integumentary system?

Hair, skin, and nails.

What is the function of the integumentary system?

Barrier between environment and tissue.

What makes up the respiratory system?

Sinus, trachea, mouth, nose, bronchi, bronchi tree, lungs.

What is the function of the digestive system?

Breaks down and absorbs food for use by cells and eliminates waste.

What is the function of the urinary system?

Removes waste from the blood and helps maintain body water and electrolyte balance.

What makes up the endocrine system?

Glands that regulate body activities through hormone production and transport.

What is the function of the reproductive system?

Produce reproductive cells, store cells, and transport cells.

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Helps drain protein and plasma from interstitial fluids, protects against disease.

Describe the anatomical position.

Standing upright, arms at side, palms, head, and feet facing forward.

What does supine mean?

Lying on back.

What does prone mean?

Lying on front.

What does superior mean?

Towards the head.

What does inferior mean?

Away from the head.

What does anterior mean?

Near the front of the body.

What does posterior mean?

Near the back of the body.

What does medial mean?

Towards the midline.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline.

What does proximal mean?

Near the trunk or point of origin.

What does distal mean?

Further from the trunk or point of origin.

What does superficial mean?

Closer to the surface.

What does deep mean?

Farther from the surface.

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body.

What does contralateral mean?

On the opposite side of the body.

What are the 3 cardinal planes?

Sagittal, frontal, and transverse.

What is a plane?

A two-dimensional surface defined by three points not on the same line.

What is an axis?

A line passing perpendicular through a plane.

What does the sagittal plane do?

Divides the body into right and left sections.

What does the frontal plane do?

Divides the body by front (anterior) and back (posterior).

What does the transverse plane do?

Divides the body in half by upper and lower sections.

How are the axis and plane related?

Motion occurs in a plane and about an axis.

What plane does the mediolateral axis intersect with?

Sagittal.

What is flexion?

Making a decrease in angle.

What is extension?

Making an increase in angle.

What is abduction?

Moving away from the midline.

What is adduction?

Moving towards the midline.

What is internal rotation?

Anterior surface moves towards the midline.

What is external rotation?

Anterior surface moves away from the midline.

What is circumduction?

Moving around in a circle, combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Describe the organization of the human body from largest to smallest.

Cells, tissue, organs, organ systems.

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous.

What is epithelial tissue?

Sheets that cover and protect the body and produce secretion.

What is connective tissue?

Provides support, connects the body together.

What is muscular tissue?

Adapted for contraction and movement.

What is nervous tissue?

Used for control and communication.

What are the 2 main parts of the skeletal system?

Axial and appendicular.

What is the axial skeleton?

Central bones: head, neck, trunk.

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Limbs and appendages.

What are long bones?

Clavicle, femur, humerus, radius, ulna, phalanges, tibia, fibula, metatarsus.

What are short bones?

Carpals and tarsals.

What are sesamoid bones?

Bones formed within tendons, e.g., patella.

What are flat bones?

Thin, flat, and a bit curved; protect internal organs, e.g., skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs.

What is an irregular bone?

Complex bones, e.g., vertebrae and hip bones.

What is an osteon?

Cellular unit of compact bone.

What percentage of the skeleton is compact bone?

80%.

What is spongy bone?

Bone with trabeculae, surrounded by compact bone.

What is the nutrient artery?

Branches from major arteries that enter bone through the periosteum.

Describe the bone formation process.

Starts with hyaline cartilage, develops bone collar, calcifies, forms cavities, spongy bone forms, diaphysis elongates, ossification occurs.

What is Wolff's law?

Tissue remodels along the lines of greatest stress, if we stress the bone more it will grow stronger and thicker

What is arthrology?

The study of joints.

What is a joint?

Where two or more bones articulate with one another.

How are joints classified?

By what they are made of or function.

What is synarthrosis?

A joint with no movement.

What is amphiarthrosis?

A joint that is partly moveable.

What is diathrosis?

A fully moveable joint.

Which functional classification for a joint allows for the most motion?

Diathrosis.

Are fibrous joints highly moveable?

No, they are synarthrosis.

What are fibrous joints?

Immovable joints that connect bone with dense fibrous connective tissue.

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A joint with little to no movement, uniting bones using cartilage.

What is a synovial joint?

A moveable joint with a cavity between articular surfaces.

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Synchondrosis and symphysis.

What is the functional classification for synovial joints?

Diathrosis.

What are gliding or plane joints?

Joints formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces.

What are hinge joints?

Joints that move on one axis, allowing flexion and extension.

What are pivot joints?

Uniaxial joints allowing rotation.

What are condyloid/ellipsoid joints?

Biaxial joints allowing movement in two planes.Ex: radius/wrist

Saddle:

Biaxial, opposition; bath bones have saddle shapes. Ex: thumb

Ball-and-socket:

Triaxial joints, motions in 3 points, flexion, extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction . Ex: femur (hip)

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle

Which muscle types are striated in appearance?

Cardiac

Which muscle types contract voluntarily?

Skeletal muscle

Which muscle types contract involuntarily?

Cardiac and smooth muscle

What are the primary functions of the muscular system?

Movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, and produce heat

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

What are most muscles named based on?

Functions, attachment sites, position/direction, shape, and size

is the proximal attachment site and is typically less mobile site.

the origin

is the distal attachment site and is typically more mobile.

the insertion

What surrounds the skeletal muscle?

Epimysium

Skeletal muscle is made up of bunches of?

Fascicles

Fascicles are made up of bunches of?

Muscle fibers

Muscle fibers are made up of bunches of?

Myofibrils

What is a sarcomere?

The smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue containing actin and myosin