TEST 2- PART 2

Diagonal 1

includes antagonist pairs of flexion-adduction- ER and extension- abduction- IR

Diagonal 2

includes antagonist pairs of flexion- abduction- ER and extension- adduction- IR

D1F

flexion-adduction- ER

D2F

Flexion- abduction- ER

Upper extremity patterns

named for the action occurring at the proximal joint (shoulder)

shoulder

proximal joint where action occurs in upper extremity patterns

D1E

extension- abduction- IR

D2E

extension- adduction- IR

supine, sitting

two positions UE patterns typically practiced in

Proprioception Neuromuscular Facilitation

PNF stands for:

Proprioception

Receiving stimulation within the tissues of the body

Neuromuscular

pertaining to the nerves and muscles

Facilitation

promotion or hastening of any natural process: the reverse of inhibition

Proprioception Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

Methods of promoting or hastening the response of the neuromuscular mechanism through stimulation of the proprioceptors

Muscle Spindle

sensory organ located within the muscle (extrafusal fibers)

Golgi Tendon Organ

sensory organ located within the musculotendinous junction

musculotendinous junction

location of golgi tendon organs

Muscle Spindle

detect changes in muscle length & rate of change of stretch

Golgi Tendon Organ

detect force of muscle contraction or tension in muscle

Muscle Spindle

too much stretch = muscle contraction to prevent overstretching (stretch reflex)

Golgi Tendon Organ

too much tension = muscles relaxation (autogenic inhibition); protects from injury

Muscle Spindle

detects stretch

Golgi Tendon Organ

detects tension

autogenic inhibition

mechanism golgi tendon organs use to protect the muscle

stretch relax

mechanism muscle spindles use to prevent overstretching

contraction

muscle spindle: excessive stretch causes a ____ to prevent over stretching

relax

golgi tendon organ: excessive tensions causes the muscle to ____ to protect it from injury

diagonal, full

the PTA must be in the _____ to do PNF techniques and also allow ___ range of motion

Normal timing

sequence of muscle contraction in any motor activity that makes it coordinated

distal to proximal

normal timing for extremity patterns

proximal, distal

_____ stability is needed before _____ mobility

distal, proximal

____ segments should move before ____ segments.

smooth, coordinated

movement when applying resistance to extremity pattens should look like this:

resistance

is always patient specific and should allow smooth, coordinated, and full ROM

overflow

resistance facilitates muscle contraction through this principle

manual contacts

resistance is applied through this: applied to the muscle that you want to contract

Valsalva maneuver

when applying resistance to extremity patterns, make sure patient does NOT do this

Traction

separating joint surfaces

manual contacts

Traction and Approximation applied through:

Traction

used with “pulling” motions

Approximation

compressing joint surfaces

Approximation

used with “pushing” motions

extensor patterns

extremity patterns that use approximation

Visual Input

Encourage patient to watch pattern from start to finish

Visual Input

feedback mechanism that encourages motor learning

Stretch

Used to initiate movements

Stretch

Recruits more motor units

Stretch

Place muscles in lengthened range

lengthened range

typically the starting position for patterns

motor units

stretching recruits more of this

Preparatory commands

explain and demonstrate movement

cognitive stage

Preparatory commands are used during this stage of motor learning

Action commands

direct movement: place a demand on patient (tone of voice)

associative stage

Action commands are used during this stage of motor learning

Corrective commands

used to modify movements

manual contacts

guides movements, applies resistance, and facilitates muscle contractions

Lumbrical grip

the most effective form of manual contact

pivot point

patterns of motion are named for this

diagonals

all patterns of motion are in this direction

flexion/extension, adduction/ abduction, and rotation

3 components of patterns of motion

neutral, supported

the patients alignment should be ____, and they must be ____ for PNF

Body position, Patterns of movement, Manual contacts, Commands and communication, Visual input, Stretch, traction and approximation, Resistance, timing

9 Basic Components of PNF

1. brain sends signal to motor nerve

2. nerve carries message

3. AP generated and ACh released

4. muscles receives contract message

5. muscle excitation

6. Ca released in muscle

7. Actin & myosin grab eachother for contraction

7 steps of the Neuromuscular Mechanism

actin, myosin

bind together to facilitate a muscle contraction

ACh

when an action potential is generated, this neurotransmitter is released

Ca

neurotransmitter released in a muscle to cause actin/myosin bond