Lesson 1: Doing Philosophy

Holistic Perspective

A perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems, looking at the 'Big picture'.

Partial Point of View

Focuses on specific aspects of a whole, viewing the little details.

Hermeneutics of facticity

A term by Martin Heidegger that interprets experiences based on individual encounters.

Philosophy

The study of inquiry featuring ideas, views, principles, and beliefs, using human reason to investigate ultimate causes.

Philosophia

Greek term meaning 'love for wisdom', representing the desire to gain knowledge and understanding.

Socratic Method

A form of questioning aimed at examining the foundation of beliefs and practices.

Causality

Aristotle's doctrine explaining why things exist or happen the way they do, involving four types of causes.

Epistemology

Philosophical study of human knowledge concerning the value of thought.

Metaphysics

Questions regarding reality and existence, aiming at understanding the bigger picture.

Ethics

Philosophical study of morality, distinguishing good from evil and right from wrong.

Deductive Logic

A reasoning approach that moves from a general statement to a specific case.

Inductive Logic

A reasoning approach that moves from specific cases to a general statement.

Socrates

An ancient Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, known for his Socratic method of questioning.

Plato

A student of Socrates and a key figure in Western philosophy, known for his works on forms, metaphysics, and political theory.

Aristotle

A student of Plato and a foundational figure in Western philosophy, contributing significantly to numerous fields, including ethics, politics, and metaphysics.

Pilosopong Tasyo

A fictional character from José Rizal's novels who represents a Filipino philosophical thinker, often reflecting on social issues and the human condition.

Philosophical Questions

Questions that explore fundamental concepts and beliefs, addressing the nature of reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, and the human mind.

Principle of Identity

it means that a thing, idea, or a person always has a name, a concept, and a characteristic for that thing to exist

Principle of Non-Contradiction

denies that a thing can be and not be simultaneously

Principle of Excluded Middle

everything must either be or not be. there is no middle ground conceivable

Principle of Sufficient Reason

nothings happens without a sufficient reason for its being and existance

Material Cause

The substance out of which something is made, according to Aristotle.

Formal Cause

The form or essence of something, explaining what it is.

Efficient Cause

The agent or force that brings something into being.

Final Cause

The purpose or reason for which something exists, according to Aristotle.

Aesthetics

The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, as well as the creation and appreciation of beauty.

Logic

The study of reasoning and argumentation, focusing on the principles of valid inference and demonstration, and understanding how conclusions can be drawn from premises.

Consequentialism

An ethical theory that judges the rightness or wrongness of actions based on their outcomes or consequences.

Deontology

An ethical theory that focuses on rules and duties, stating that actions are morally right if they follow a set of rules.

Virtue Ethics

An ethical theory that emphasizes virtues and moral character, suggesting that ethical behavior stems from a person's character.

Ethical Relativism

The view that moral standards are not absolute but are shaped by cultural, social, or personal circumstances.

Divine Command

An ethical theory asserting that morality is rooted in the commands of a divine being, and ethical behavior is determined by adherence to these commands.