Cadaver Final

Arteries

Away from the heart

Veins

Towards the heart

Pulmonary Arteries

ONLY arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood (away from the heart)

Pulmonary Veins

Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

Blood Flow Pathway

Vena cava → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta

Cardiac Notch

Left lung

Heart Wall Layers

Epicardium (outer layer)

Myocardium (muscle → contraction)

Endocardium (inner lining)

Heart Chambers

Right side = deoxygenated

Left side = oxygenated

Left ventricle = thickest wall (pumps to body)

Tricuspid Valve

Location - Right Atrium → Right Ventricle. Function - prevents back flow

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

Location - Left Atrium → Left Ventricle. Function - prevents back flow

Pulmonary Valve

Location - Right Ventricle → Lungs. Function - controls outflow

Aortic Valve

Location - Left Ventricle → Aorta. Function - controls outflow

Conduction System

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Pulmonary Circuit

Right ventricle → lungs → left atrium

Head and Neck Arteries

Common carotid → internal + external

External - face/scalp

Internal - Brain

Upper Limb Arteries

Subclavian → Axillary → Brachial → Radial & Ulnar

Brachial = BP measurement site

Celiac Trunk

stomach, liver, spleen

Superior Mesenteric

Small Intestine

Inferior Mesenteric

Large Intestine

Renal

Kidneys

Gonadal

testes (males)/ovaries (females)

Small intestine function

Absorbs most nutrients; Main absorption organ of the digestive tract

Large Intestine function

Reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food

Upper Right Quadrant

Liver, Gallbladder, Douodomen

Upper Left Quadrant

Spleen, Stomach, Pancreas

Lower Right Quadrant

Appendix, Cecum,

Lower Left Quadrants

Descending/Sigmoid Colon

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium (outer), myocardium (muscle), and endocardium (inner).

What is the function of anastomoses in the heart?

They are connections between interventricular arteries that allow blood to bypass blockages.

What is the difference between the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins regarding oxygenation?

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood, while pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.

What is the function of the fossa ovalis?

It is a structure in the heart that shuts when a baby takes its first breath.

Which organ is responsible for detoxification and blood filtration?

The liver.

What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

To store bile and release it into the small intestine.

What is the difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes?

Ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked blood vessel, while hemorrhagic stroke is caused by a ruptured blood vessel.

What is atherosclerosis?

The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A blockage in a pulmonary artery in the lungs, typically caused by a blood clot traveling from the legs.

What are the three layers of the arterial wall?

Tunica intima (inside), tunica media (middle), and tunica externa (outside).

Which layer of the arterial wall contains smooth muscle?

The tunica media.

What is the primary function of valves in veins?

To prevent the backflow of blood.

What are the intrinsic firing rates of the heart's electrical components?

SA node: 60-80 bpm, AV node: 40-60 bpm, Bundle of HIS: 20-40 bpm.

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A condition where the heart muscle, especially the left ventricle, becomes abnormally thick.

What is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

A condition characterized by altered electrical impulses that cause an abnormal heart rhythm.

How does the autonomic nervous system influence heart rate?

The sympathetic system increases heart rate, while the parasympathetic system (via the vagus nerve) decreases it.

What is the difference between the thoracic and abdominal aorta?

The thoracic aorta is located above the diaphragm, and the abdominal aorta is located below the diaphragm.

What are the lobes of the lungs?

The right lung has 3 lobes (and is larger), while the left lung has 2 lobes (and is smaller).

Hiatal Hernia

When stomach pushed up through diaphragm and gets pinched off

3 parts of small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What is the function of bone marrow?

To make blood cells (red carries oxygen, white immune response, platelets prevent blood loss)

Erythropoietin

regulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

Found in all 4 quadrants

Small and Large Intestines

Electrolytes

Magnesium, Potassium, Chloride, Sodium, Calcium, Bicarbonate

Common Hepatic

transports bile from liver to gallbladder

Branches off Aorta

Coronary arteries, Brachiocephalic (right subclavian, right common carotid), left common carotid, left subclavian

Mesentary

Anchors intestines to vertebrae

Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)

Blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing tissue damage or death due to lack of oxygen

Atherosclerosis

Plaque buildup in coronary arteries

Pulmonary Embolism

Blockage in a pulmonary artery in the lungs

Cerebrovascular accident

Stroke

Ischemic stroke

Blood vessels supplying the brain is blocked, leading to reduced blood flow and brain cell death

hemmorhagic stroke

Blood vessels in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding into or around the brain