science test revision task 4

metamorphic rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

Rock cycle processes

Cooling and Hardening
Melting
Heat and Pressure
Compacting and Cementing
Weathering and Erosion

Lustre (Minerals)

How light reacts to the mineral:
Shiny
Glossy
Transparent
Metallic
Dull
streaky

Streak (Minerals)

The color of the mineral when is powdered

Leach mining system

A method of extracting metals from ore by dissolving them in a liquid, usually water or acid.

Fossils

Preserved remains of once-living organisms

body fossils

Hard parts of an organism, such as bone, teeth or shells, that has been preserved into a fossil

eg: dinosaur eggs

trace fossils

An imprint of an organism that has been filled mud and preserved

eg: footprints

resin fossils

a type of fossil formed when a small plant or insect becomes trapped and preserved in tree sap

eg: small bugs

igneous rock

a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface

sedimentary rock

A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together

Cooling and hardening

when magma cools and hardens to make a igneous rock

melting

when igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock is heated up to form magma

heat and pressure

two forces that change the features of a igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rock

compacting and cementation

when sediments are pressed together and chemically bind together to form a sedimentary rock

weathering and erosion

the process of breaking down rock and moving that rock

examples of igneous rocks

granite, pumice, obsidian, basalt

examples of sedimentary rocks

sandstone, shale, limestone

examples of metamorphic rocks

marble and quartzite

properties of igneous rocks

Origin: Intrusive/Extrusive
Texture: Glassy, Fine-grained, coarse-grained, porphyritic
Composition: What minerals are in it.

Minerals

Minerals are naturally occurring chemical substances
that make up igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks

Ores

minerals that are mined because they contain useful metals or nonmetals

Examples of Minerals

calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium

Examples of Ores

iron and aluminum

difference between a mineral and an ore

An ore is always a mineral but a mineral is not always an ore. Ores are big amounts of minerals.

Color (Minerals)

Colour of the mineral, different minerals can have same colours and same minerals can have different colours

Hardness (Minerals)

How hard or soft the mineral is. Harder minerals can scratch softer minerals

Cleavage (Minerals)

The angle/s in which the mineral breaks

importance of an ore in the world economy

ores contain metals crucial to industry and trade

eg: copper is used in electrical wiring

Rock Cycle Diagram

mould fossil

fossil formed when a living thing decomposes underneath sediment, creating a cavity in the shape of the dead organism

eg: skeleton

fossil formation process

1. The animal dies.

2. Soft parts of the animal's body, including skin and muscles, start to rot away. Scavengers may come and eat some of the remains.

3. Before the body disappears completely, it is buried by sediment - usually mud, sand or silt. Often at this point only the bones and teeth remain.

4. Many more layers of sediment build up on top. This puts a lot of weight and pressure onto the layers below, squashing them. Eventually, they turn into sedimentary rock.

5. While this is happening, water seeps into the bones and teeth, turning them to stone as it leaves behind minerals.

Mantle

Layer beneath the Earth's crust

Asthenosphere

Upper portion of the mantle behaving plastically

Core

Very dense center of the Earth

Metamorphic Rocks

Changed by heat and pressure within Earth

Geology

Study of rocks and Earth's structure

Geologist

Scientist who studies rocks

Crust

Outermost solid layer of Earth

Rock Cycle

Model explaining rock formation processes

Igneous Rocks

Formed from red hot melted rock

Sedimentary Rocks

Formed from sediments or minerals solidifying

Weathering

Processes breaking rocks into smaller pieces

Erosion

Transport of broken rock material

Deposition

Settling of broken rock material

Biological Weathering

Living organisms breaking down rock

Chemical Weathering

Chemical reactions breaking down rock

Physical Weathering

Mechanical forces breaking down rock

Wind

Carries fine rock particles, causing erosion

Temperature Change

Causes rock to expand and contract, leading to cracks

Glaciers

Frozen rivers slowly carving rocks

Agents of Erosion

Water, wind, gravity, or ice moving rock particles

Prospectors

Search for precious minerals

Delta

Landform at a river's mouth from sediment deposition

Igneous Rock Formation

Complete melting and recrystallization

Metamorphic Rock Formation

Partial melting and recrystallization

Compaction and Cementation

Process forming sedimentary rock from compacted sediment

Melting and Crystallization

Solid rock melting and forming new crystals

Igneous rock

Formed from magma or lava crystallization

Extrusive igneous rocks

Formed at or near the Earth's surface

Intrusive igneous rocks

Formed from magma cooling below the surface

Crystals

Interlocking mineral structures in igneous rocks

Magma

Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface

Lava

Magma that reaches the Earth's surface

Rapid cooling

Leads to small or no crystals in igneous rocks

Slow cooling

Allows crystals to grow larger in igneous rocks

Texture

Smoothness or roughness of a rock's surface

Colour

Linked to minerals present in the rock

Basalt

Dark-coloured extrusive igneous rock

Dolerite

Intrusive igneous rock with larger crystals

Granite

Intrusive igneous rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and biotite

Obsidian

Dark volcanic glass formed from rapidly cooled lava

Pumice

Light extrusive igneous rock with gas bubbles, floats on water

Scoria

Dark extrusive igneous rock denser than pumice, sinks in water

Uses of igneous rocks

Include building materials, concrete, road surfaces, and ornaments

Shearing

Process where rocks slide sideways due to pressure

Recrystallisation

Chemical change in rocks forming new minerals

Tectonic Plates

Massive plates in Earth's crust that can collide or move apart

Metamorphism

Process of forming metamorphic rocks due to heat and pressure

Foliation

Movement of minerals into layers or bands in rocks

Contact Metamorphism

Alteration of rock mostly by heat, often due to hot magma intrusion

Dynamic Metamorphism

Alteration of rock mostly by pressure, occurs in small areas

Ore Mineral

Contains a metal or valuable material, extracted from rocks

Native Metal

Metal found in nature as a pure element

Hydrothermal Fluids

Superheated solutions carrying dissolved minerals

Mining

Process of removing resources from the ground

Processing

Extracting and enriching minerals from ore

Rehabilitation

Restoring mining sites to original or usable conditions

Tailings

Toxic waste materials from mining or processing plants