Memorize MCAT

Exocrine vs Endocrine

Exocrine secrete into glands via ducts; Endocrine release hormones into blood (distant, ductless)

Peptide vs Steriod

Peptide need secondary messengers (rapid, stored in golgi until needed); Steroids pass through membrane (needs albumin carrier in blood, synthesized in smooth ER)

CRH stimulates ___ from ____ pituitary, releasing ____ & ______ from cortex

ACTH; Anterior; Cortisol; Aldosterone

GHRH stimulates ___ pituitary, releasing ____

Anterior; Growth Hormone

TRH stimulates ____ from ____ pituitary, releasing __ ,__ , & __ from [organ]

TSH; Anterior; T3,T4, & Calcitonin; Thyroid

GnRH stimulates ___ & ___ from ____ pituitary

FSH;LH; anterior

Prolactin is stimulated by [increase or decrease] in ____ which [stimulates or inhibits] GnRH, LH, FSH

decrease; dopamine; inhibits

Somatostatin inhibits glucagon, insulin, ___, ____, & ____

GH; TSH; Gastric (D cells)

Posterior pituitary releases ____ & _____

Oxytocin; ADH

peroxisomes

detoxify reactive oxygen species.

uncompetitive inhibition

only binds enzyme-substrate (ES) complex

adaptive immune system

Humoral (B Cell and plasma which produces Antibodies) and Cell Mediated (T cells i.e CD4⁺)

Oxidoreductase

Dehydrogenases, oxidases, reductases

Transferase

Transfers functional groups (kinases, polymerases)

Hydrolase - Break bonds using H₂O

Phosphatases, proteases, nucleases, ATPases

Lyase

Break bonds not using hydrolysis or oxidation- Decarboxylases, aldolases, cyclases

Isomerase

Rearrange atoms- Mutases, topoisomerases

Ligase- Joining two molecules using ATP

Synthetases, carboxylases, DNA ligases

CAC

Can I Keep Selling Sea Shells for Money Officer (Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate)

Muscle Contraction Steps

1. Action potential triggers calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol

2. Calcium binds to troponin, causing a conformational change and tropomyosin to unbind from myosin-binding sites on actin.

3. Myosin heads on the thick filament bind to actin thin filaments for power stroke

4. ATP binds to the myosin head, causing unbinding of myosin from actin.

5. Hydrolysis of ATP changes the conformation of the myosin head, allowing it to re-bind actin