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Vocabulary flashcards covering the anatomical terms, bones, landmarks, joints, ligaments, and muscle movements of the upper limb.
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Pectoral Girdle
The structure consisting of the scapula and clavicle that attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

Humerus
The longest and largest bone of the upper limb, located within the arm.
Radius
The lateral bone of the forearm located on the thumb side.
Ulna
The medial bone of the forearm.
Carpals
A set of 8 small bones contained within the wrist, arranged in a proximal and a distal row.
Metacarpals
A set of 5 bones contained in the palm of each hand, each consisting of a base, shaft, and head.
Phalanges
The bones of the fingers, numbering 14 in total per hand (2 in the thumb and 3 in each of the other four fingers).
Sternoclavicular Joint
A synovial saddle joint formed between the proximal end of the clavicle, the clavicular notch of the manubrium of the sternum, and the first costal cartilage.

Acromioclavicular Joint
A plane type of synovial joint formed by the articulation between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula.

Scapula
A flat, triangular-shaped bone located on the posterior chest wall between the 2nd and 7th ribs.
Inferior Angle of Scapula
The lowest point of the scapula, which corresponds level-wise to the T7 vertebra.

Conoid Tubercle
A tubercle feature located on the inferior surface of the clavicle.

Glenohumeral Joint
A synovial ball and socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Glenoid Labrum
A structure that deepens the glenoid cavity to assist in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint.

Rotator Cuff
A musculotendinous cuff made of the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis (SITS) muscles that provides stability to the shoulder joint.

Transverse Humeral Ligament
A ligament of the shoulder joint that bridges the bicipital groove.

Coracohumeral Ligament
A ligament that extends from the base of the coracoid process to insert onto the greater tubercle of the humerus, strengthening the superior aspect of the capsule.

Shoulder Flexion
Forward movement of the upper limb in the sagittal plane, primarily performed by the clavicular head of the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis, and biceps brachii.

Shoulder Abduction
Movement of the limb away from the midline in the coronal plane, initiated by the supraspinatus (0^\bar{\text{o}} to 15^\bar{\text{o}}), middle deltoid (15^\bar{\text{o}} to 90^\bar{\text{o}}), and trapezius with serratus anterior (past 90^\bar{\text{o}}).

Lister's (Dorsal) Tubercle
A tuberosity located on the dorsal aspect of the lower distal end of the radius.

Styloid Process of Radius
A process projecting distally from the lateral margin of the radius.

Proximal Extremity of Ulna
The upper part of the ulna containing two processes (olecranon and coronoid) and two notches (trochlear and radial).

Elbow Joint
A synovial hinge joint formed by the humeral capitulum and trochlea, the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the radius.

Medial Collateral Ligament (Ulnar)
A triangular ligament of the elbow joint composed of anterior, posterior, and transverse bands.

Proximal Radioulnar Joint
A synovial pivot joint formed between the radial notch of the ulna and the circumference of the radial head.

Distal Radioulnar Joint
A synovial pivot joint formed between the rounded head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius.

Supination
A rotatory movement of the forearm around a vertical axis, driven primarily by the biceps brachii and supinator muscles.

Pronation
A rotatory movement of the forearm around a vertical axis, driven primarily by the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles.

Proximal Row of Carpals
The carpal row containing, from lateral to medial side: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.
Distal Row of Carpals
The carpal row containing, from lateral to medial side: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
Pisiform
A sesamoid bone located in the proximal row of the carpal bones.
Carpal Arch
An anterior curvature formed laterally by the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium, and medially by the pisiform and hook of hamate.
Wrist Joint (Radiocarpal Joint)
A synovial ellipsoid joint formed between the distal end of the radius and articular disc of the ulna above, and the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum bones below.

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coracoid process

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Aeromial process

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Scapula notch

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Superior border

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Superior angle

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Subscapular fossa

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Medial border

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Inferior angle

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Lateral border

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Glenoid cavity

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Neck

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Supraspinous fossa

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Spine

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Infraspinous fossa