Organisation for Separate Science

What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?

Cells

What is the definition of a tissue?

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

What is the definition of an organ?

An aggregation of tissues performing specific function

What is an organ system?

A group of organs that work together

What does a group of organ systems make?

An organism

What is the name of the theory that describes how enzymes work?

The lock and key theory

What is the name of the part of the enzyme that joins to the substrate?

Active Site

What do digestive enzymes do?

Convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

What does soluble mean?

A substance that can dissolve

What do enzymes do?

Speed up chemical reactions

Where is amylase produced?

Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Small Intestine

Where is protease produced?

Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine

Where is lipase produced?

Pancreas Small Intestine

What does amylase break down?

Starch

What do carbohydrases break down?

Carbohydrates to simple sugars

What do proteases break down?

Proteins into amino acids

What do lipases break down?

Lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids

Where is bile made?

The Liver

Where is bile stored?

The Gall Bladder

What is the pH of Bile?

Alkaline

What does bile neutralise?

Hydrochloric acid from the stomach

What does bile do to fat?

Emulsifies the fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area to increase the rate of breakdown

What is the test for sugars?

Benedict's test

What is the test for starch?

Iodine test

What is the test for protein?

Biuret test

What colour change would you see if you successfully tested for sugar?

Blue to Orange

What colour change would you see if you successfully tested for starch?

Orange to Blue-Black

What colour change would you see if you successfully tested for protein?

Blue to Purple

What are the products of digestion used for?

To build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

What does the body use glucose for?

Respiration

What is the function of the heart?

To pump blood around the body

How would you describe the human circulatory system?

Double circulatory system

Where does the blood from the right ventricle go?

To the lungs for gaseous exchange

Where does the blood from the left ventricle go?

To the rest of the body

Where does blood in the aorta go?

From the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Where does the blood in the vena cava go

From the body to the right atrium

Where does the blood in the pulmonary artery go

From the right ventricle to the lungs

Where does the blood in the pulmonary vein go

From the lungs to the left atrium

What is the function of the trachea?

To take air down to the lungs

What is the function of the bronchi?

To split the air into the two separate lungs

What is the function of the alveoli

To increase the surface area to allow more efficient gas exchange

What are the three types of blood vessel in the human body?

Arteries, Veins and Capillaries

Which of the three blood vessels has the thickest wall

Arteries

Which of the three blood vessels has valves?

Veins

Which of the three blood vessels has walls that are 1 cell thick

Capillaries

Why does the artery have thick walls?

To withstand the high pressure of the blood contained within them

Why do the veins have valves?

To prevent the back flow of blood

Why do the capillaries have walls that are 1 cell thick

To minimise the distance required for gaseous exchange

How is the natural resting heart rate controlled

By a group of cells that act as a pacemaker

Where are the group of cells, that act as a pacemaker, found in the heart?

In the right atrium

What are artificial pacemakers?

Electrical devices used to correct irregularities in heart rate

Is blood a cell, tissue, organ or organ system?

Tissue

What makes up blood?

Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets

What is the function of the red blood cells?

Carry oxygen around the body

What is the function of the white blood cells?

Help fight infection

What is the function of the platelets?

To help in the formation of clots where there is an injury

What is the function of the plasma?

To carry dissolved substances around the body

Where are the coronary arteries found?

On the outside of the heart

What is coronary heart disease?

When layers of fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries narrowing them

What is the problem if the coronary arteries are blocked?

Blood flow is reduced which results in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle

What is a stent used for?

To hold coronary arteries open

What are statins used for?

To reduce blood cholesterol levels

Why is it important to keep blood cholesterol levels low?

This slows down the rate of fatty material deposit in arteries.

What are the consequences of faulty valves in the circulatory system

Reduced blood flow which can lead to a lack of oxygen

What are artificial hearts used for?

To keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant or to allow the heart to rest to aid recovery

What is the definition of health?

A state of physical and mental well-being

Other than disease, what other factors can have a profound effect on your physical and mental health?

Diet, Stress and Life situations

How can viruses in cells cause additional problems?

Can trigger cancers

What problems can immune reactions caused by a pathogen trigger?

Allergies such as skin rashes and asthma

What can severe physical ill health lead to?

Depression and other mental illnesses

What are risk factors

Things that can lead to an increased rate of a disease

What can risk factors be?

Aspects of a persons lifestyle or substances in the persons body or environment

What does the effect of diet, smoking and exercise have an effect on?

The risk of cardiovascular disease

What is obesity a risk factor for?

Type 2 diabetes

What can alcohol have a negative effect on?

Liver and brain function

What can smoking be a risk factor for?

Lung disease and lung cancer

What can carcinogens, including ionising radiation, be a risk factor for?

Cancer

What is cancer a result of?

Changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

What is a benign tumour?

Growth of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, within a membrane

What is a malignant tumour?

Cancers, they invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood, forming secondary tumours

Which type of tumours do not invade other parts of the body?

Benign tumours

Name three types of plant tissue found in a leaf

Epidermal tissue, Palisade mesophyll, Spongy Mesophyll

What is the function of the epidermal tissue?

Thin and transparent to allow light through
Protective layer of the leaf

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?

Lots of chloroplasts in cells to absorb more light

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll?

Air spaces to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf

What is the function of the xylem?

Transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves

What is the function of the phloem?

Transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage

What is transpiration?

The movement of water up through a plant

Which four factors will affect the rate of transpiration?

Temperature, Humidity, Air Movement and Light intensity

What do the stomata and guard cells control?

The amount of gas exchange and water loss in a plant