Studied by 2 people
What are the basic building blocks of all living organisms?
Cells
What is the definition of a tissue?
A group of cells with a similar structure and function
What is the definition of an organ?
An aggregation of tissues performing specific function
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that work together
What does a group of organ systems make?
An organism
What is the name of the theory that describes how enzymes work?
The lock and key theory
What is the name of the part of the enzyme that joins to the substrate?
Active Site
What do digestive enzymes do?
Convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
What does soluble mean?
A substance that can dissolve
What do enzymes do?
Speed up chemical reactions
Where is amylase produced?
Salivary Glands Pancreas Small Intestine
Where is protease produced?
Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine
Where is lipase produced?
Pancreas Small Intestine
What does amylase break down?
Starch
What do carbohydrases break down?
Carbohydrates to simple sugars
What do proteases break down?
Proteins into amino acids
What do lipases break down?
Lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids
Where is bile made?
The Liver
Where is bile stored?
The Gall Bladder
What is the pH of Bile?
Alkaline
What does bile neutralise?
Hydrochloric acid from the stomach
What does bile do to fat?
Emulsifies the fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area to increase the rate of breakdown
What is the test for sugars?
Benedict's test
What is the test for starch?
Iodine test
What is the test for protein?
Biuret test
What colour change would you see if you successfully tested for sugar?
Blue to Orange
What colour change would you see if you successfully tested for starch?
Orange to Blue-Black
What colour change would you see if you successfully tested for protein?
Blue to Purple
What are the products of digestion used for?
To build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
What does the body use glucose for?
Respiration
What is the function of the heart?
To pump blood around the body
How would you describe the human circulatory system?
Double circulatory system
Where does the blood from the right ventricle go?
To the lungs for gaseous exchange
Where does the blood from the left ventricle go?
To the rest of the body
Where does blood in the aorta go?
From the left ventricle to the rest of the body
Where does the blood in the vena cava go
From the body to the right atrium
Where does the blood in the pulmonary artery go
From the right ventricle to the lungs
Where does the blood in the pulmonary vein go
From the lungs to the left atrium
What is the function of the trachea?
To take air down to the lungs
What is the function of the bronchi?
To split the air into the two separate lungs
What is the function of the alveoli
To increase the surface area to allow more efficient gas exchange
What are the three types of blood vessel in the human body?
Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
Which of the three blood vessels has the thickest wall
Arteries
Which of the three blood vessels has valves?
Veins
Which of the three blood vessels has walls that are 1 cell thick
Capillaries
Why does the artery have thick walls?
To withstand the high pressure of the blood contained within them
Why do the veins have valves?
To prevent the back flow of blood
Why do the capillaries have walls that are 1 cell thick
To minimise the distance required for gaseous exchange
How is the natural resting heart rate controlled
By a group of cells that act as a pacemaker
Where are the group of cells, that act as a pacemaker, found in the heart?
In the right atrium
What are artificial pacemakers?
Electrical devices used to correct irregularities in heart rate
Is blood a cell, tissue, organ or organ system?
Tissue
What makes up blood?
Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets
What is the function of the red blood cells?
Carry oxygen around the body
What is the function of the white blood cells?
Help fight infection
What is the function of the platelets?
To help in the formation of clots where there is an injury
What is the function of the plasma?
To carry dissolved substances around the body
Where are the coronary arteries found?
On the outside of the heart
What is coronary heart disease?
When layers of fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries narrowing them
What is the problem if the coronary arteries are blocked?
Blood flow is reduced which results in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
What is a stent used for?
To hold coronary arteries open
What are statins used for?
To reduce blood cholesterol levels
Why is it important to keep blood cholesterol levels low?
This slows down the rate of fatty material deposit in arteries.
What are the consequences of faulty valves in the circulatory system
Reduced blood flow which can lead to a lack of oxygen
What are artificial hearts used for?
To keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant or to allow the heart to rest to aid recovery
What is the definition of health?
A state of physical and mental well-being
Other than disease, what other factors can have a profound effect on your physical and mental health?
Diet, Stress and Life situations
How can viruses in cells cause additional problems?
Can trigger cancers
What problems can immune reactions caused by a pathogen trigger?
Allergies such as skin rashes and asthma
What can severe physical ill health lead to?
Depression and other mental illnesses
What are risk factors
Things that can lead to an increased rate of a disease
What can risk factors be?
Aspects of a persons lifestyle or substances in the persons body or environment
What does the effect of diet, smoking and exercise have an effect on?
The risk of cardiovascular disease
What is obesity a risk factor for?
Type 2 diabetes
What can alcohol have a negative effect on?
Liver and brain function
What can smoking be a risk factor for?
Lung disease and lung cancer
What can carcinogens, including ionising radiation, be a risk factor for?
Cancer
What is cancer a result of?
Changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
What is a benign tumour?
Growth of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, within a membrane
What is a malignant tumour?
Cancers, they invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood, forming secondary tumours
Which type of tumours do not invade other parts of the body?
Benign tumours
Name three types of plant tissue found in a leaf
Epidermal tissue, Palisade mesophyll, Spongy Mesophyll
What is the function of the epidermal tissue?
Thin and transparent to allow light through Protective layer of the leaf
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?
Lots of chloroplasts in cells to absorb more light
What is the function of the spongy mesophyll?
Air spaces to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf
What is the function of the xylem?
Transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves
What is the function of the phloem?
Transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage
What is transpiration?
The movement of water up through a plant
Which four factors will affect the rate of transpiration?
Temperature, Humidity, Air Movement and Light intensity
What do the stomata and guard cells control?
The amount of gas exchange and water loss in a plant
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