AP HUG unit 3

folk/local culture

small culture that incorporates a homogeneous population that is typically rural and cohesive in cultural traits.

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

Relocation Diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

isogloss

a geographic boundary in which a particular linguistic feature occurs. Rarely a simple line. EX) boundary between French Canada and English Canada- can also be between dialects

language family

way of classifying languages at the global scale. The languages have shared by fairly distant origins. Broken into sub-families. EX) Indo-European language family includes Italian, Spanish, and French- the trunk

Indo-European language

. Spoken by half of the world's people, and includes among others, the Germanic, Romance, and Slavic subfamilies

Hinduism

From India-3rd biggest religion in the world-no founder- sacred river is the Ganges-main god is Brahman- other gods are expressions of Brahman- Reincarnation

caste system

locks people into particular social classes and imposes many restrictions, especially to those in lower castes

Buddhism

started in India by Siddhartha Gautama 2 branches: Mahayan (salvation comes by appeal to holy sources of merit) and Theravada (Salvation is personal matter achieved by good behavior and being monk or nun).

Reincarnation

Taoism

traced to older contemporary of Confucius, Lao-Tsu, who published Tao-te-Ching or "Book of Way". China. Avoid competition possession pursuit of knowledge. Evils= war, punishment, takes, and ceremonial ostentation.

Confucianism

philosophy of life. Like Taoism, great impacts of Chinese Life. Confucius was appalled by the poor and suffering and urged them to assert themselves. Said virtues and abilities, not heritage, should determine position in society.

Judaism

Based off teachings of Abraham-first monotheistic religion- 10 Commandments

Islam

founded by Muhammad same lineage as Judaism and Christianity, Qu'ran, Allah, monotheistic, 5 pillars, pilgrimage to Mecca/hajj.

Major division into Sunni (majority rulers who aren't descendants) and Shia/Shi'ite ( descendants are rulers)

sacred sites/sacred space

places people infuse with religious meaning (reverence or fear). If infused with reverence, a pilgrimage may be made to the place.

Acculturation

adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another

Architecture

the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings.

Artifacts

The material manifestation of culture, including tools, housing, systems of land use, clothing, etc. "What a culture uses"

Assimilation

the process of a person or group losing the cultural traits that made them distinct from the people around them

Branch

a major division within a religion

Centripetal Force

Cultural similarities that unit or bring people together

Centrifugal Force

Cultural differences that divide or cause conflict between groups

Creole or creolized language

a language that began as a combination of two other languages and is spoken as the primary language of a group of people

Cultural convergence

when two cultures become more similar because of frequent interactions

Cultural divergence

when a culture splits into different cultures because of lack of interaction

Cultural relativism

the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged through the eyes of another culture

Cultural Trait

A single aspect of a given culture or society

Custom

something that a group of people does repeatedly that becomes part of their culture (for example, bowing instead of shaking hands in Japan)

Dialect

different forms of the same language used by groups that have some different vocabulary and pronunciations

Diaspora

the scattering of people from their homeland (especially the Jews from the Holy Land)

Ethnic (folk) culture

the cultural traditions that are generally held by a specific ethnic group, often localized in a specific area

Ethnic religion

a religion that is focused on a single ethnic group (often in a centralized area) that doesn't attempt to appeal to all people

Ethnocentrism

judging people or traditions based on your own cultural standards

Indigenous language

a language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous people

Indigenous people

the original settlers of a given region, in contrast to groups that have settled the area more recently

Language extinction

a language that is no longer spoken by anyone as their native language

Language family

a collection of languages that are all descended from an original, proto-language

Lingua franca

a language that groups of people who don't speak the same language use to communicate often for trade or business

Material Culture

Physical, visible objects made and used by members of a cultural group

Nonmaterial Culture

Elements of culture including beliefs, values, myths, and symbols

Monotheism

A religion that worships a single God or being

Multiculturalism

when various ethnic groups coexist with one another without having to sacrifice their particular identities

Pilgrimage

a journey to a location that has religious significance

Polytheism

A religion that worships many Gods or divine beings

Secularism

a philosophy that interprets life on principles taken solely from the material world, without recourse to religion.

Sense of place

a strong feeling of identity that is deeply felt by inhabitants and visitors of a location

Sequent Occupance

the idea that the current cultural landscape is a combination of all the societies that lived there previously and the changes each group made

Syncretism

the blending of traits from two different cultures to form a new trait

Taboo

something that is forbidden by a culture or a religion, sometimes so forbidden that it is often not even discussed

Universalizing religion

a religion that attempts to appeal to all people and has a worldwide focus as opposed to a regional focus

Stimulus Diffusion

a form of diffusion in which an idea is adapted based on the local culture

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.