BIOL 2041 WEEK2 quizzes

Viruses are considered acellular because…

True (They lack a cellular structure, cytoplasm, and organelles.)

The clear area formed by virus plaques on a bacterial lawn is called a…

plaque

A bacteriophage replication cycle that results in the lysis and death of the host cell is called…

lytic

RNA viruses…

sometimes convert their genome to DNA for replication

The transfer of bacterial genes from one cell to another by a bacteriophage is called…

Transduction

Most viruses have a specific host range…

True (They can only infect specific host species based on surface receptors.)

Animal viruses typically enter the host cell as a whole unit, releasing their genetic material directly into the…

nucleus (or cytoplasm, depending on the specific virus type)

In contrast to animal viruses, bacteriophages must inject their nucleic acid directly across the rigid bacterial…

cytoplasm (or ribosomes/cell wall)

A bacteriophage replication cycle where the viral genome integrates directly into the host cell's chromosome and remains inactive is called…

lysogenic

An infectious agent composed entirely of protein material (with no nucleic acid) is called a…

prion

Plant viruses face a major barrier in the rigid plant cell wall and often rely on physical damage or vectors to enter…

True

A complete, fully developed, infectious viral particle completely surrounded by a protein coat is called a…

virion

The protein coat that protects the nucleic acid of a virus is known as a…

capsid

A eukaryotic species is defined as a group of closely related organisms that are capable of breeding among themselves and producing fertile offspring.

True

A virus that infects bacteria is commonly referred to as a...

phage (or bacteriophage)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to amplify and identify specific microbial DNA sequences directly from a sample, even if the microorganism cannot be cultured on artificial laboratory media.

True

Branching diagrams used in taxonomy to demonstrate evolutionary relationships and lines of descent among organisms are called...

Cladograms (or phylogenetic trees)

Viruses are not classified within any of the three cellular domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya) because they are non-cellular entities.

True

At low temperatures, enzymes are:

not able to function due to lack of energy for chemical reactions

An organism that obtains carbon from carbon fixation is called a(n):

Autotroph

An organism that obtains energy from chemical compounds is called a(n):

Chemotroph

In ______ phosphorylation, ATP is generated when a high-energy phosphate is directly transferred to ADP.

Substrate-level

In ______ phosphorylation, ATP is generated through use of an electron transport chain with oxygen as the final electron acceptor and chemiosmosis.

Oxidative

The final electron acceptor in fermentation is:

an organic molecule

Anaerobic respiration requires an electron transport chain.

True

Which of the following is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide?

NADH

Which of the following is the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide?

NAD+

A ______ inhibitor interacts with the enzyme at a location other than the active site.

Noncompetitive

Name one alternative pathway to glycolysis.

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

An organism that uses sunlight for energy and organic molecules as a carbon source is classified as a:

Photoheterotroph

What is the name of the pathway that some bacteria use as an alternative to glycolysis to catabolize glucose to pyruvate?

Entner-Doudoroff

Mitochondria share a common ancestor with which group of bacteria?

Proteobacteria

Carl Woese used which of the following cellular molecules to establish the three-domain system of classification (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya)?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

In the context of the scientific method, what is a "theory"?

An explanation that is well-supported by evidence