science 1.1

yah where at this agian

scientific method

The orderly process by which scientists investigate the secrets of nature is called the

Scientific method consists of three major steps:

Section 1.1

The orderly process by which scientists investigate the secrets of nature is called the scientific method. Scientific method consists of three major steps: Observing (gathering facts), hypothesizing (suggesting explanations), and experimenting (testing explanations).

Scientific Investigation Steps

 

1.Formulate a question.

2.Gather information about a problem.

3.Draft a hypothesis.

4. Perform and experiment to test your hypothesis.

5. Record and analyze the data from the experiment

6. State the conclusion.

Science

The study of matter and movement of God’s physical creation.

Hypothesis

The study of matter and movement of God’s physical creation.

Experiment

An artificial situation that shows how things happen.

Repeatability

A scientist will obtain consistent results if he performs the same experiment many times, keeping all factors as similar as possible between experiments.

Reproducibility

The ability of other scientists to reach the same conclusion by performing the same experiment under different conditions and by performing other experiments to test the same hypothesis.

variable

1. is a factor that the experimenter can potentially control to test his hypothesis.

dependent variable

1.  factor that is observed or measured to determine the results of an experiment. Every experiment must have at least one dependent variable.

Independent variable-

1. the factor that is changed to test the hypothesis.  You should have only one independent variable.

Controlled variables

1. factors that are the same in all groups. 

control group

1. group where the independent variable is absent or missing.

Theory-

when a hypothesis passes the test of many experiments and has the support of other scientists.

Scientific law

when a theory is verified by enough observations and experiments and stands the test of time.

Principle of causality

he law of cause and effect

ESSAY ON

1. The scope of science is limited to the study of created matter and energy in the present.

2. Science relies on assumptions.

3. Human nature leads to bias

4. Non-sequitur - does not follow logic.

5. Science can only provide approximate descriptions of how the world works.

Logic

• the study of reasoning. It is essential for any scientist. 

Inference

•  a conclusion based on reasoning from evidence. 

deductive reasoning-

•  reasoning from general evidence to a specific conclusion. The scientific method requires using deductive reasoning to make predictions based on hypothesis.

Proposition-

• statement of fact.

Hypothetical proposition

contains an “if/then” statement.

Affirming the antecedent

• saying to be true)

Example: of affirming the antecedant (just look over)

• If an object is made of balsa, then it will float in water.

• This object is made of balsa.

• Therefore, this object will float. 

Inductive reasoning

•  reasoning from specific evidence to general conclusions. The purpose of inductive reasoning is to determine cause and effect. 

Method of difference

• two situations are the same except for one factor. That factor is present in one situation and not the other. Most scientific experiments are based on the method of difference. 

when Is an argument considered valid in logic

if it is based on a true proposition and then results in an inference that is true.

Fallacies

• reasoning errors.

Circular reasoning

fallacy of deductive reasoning when a premised include the assumption that the conclusion is true.

Post Hoc-

• fallacy that involves assuming that one thing causes another because it occurred before the other. 

Equivocation

Ad Hominem-

• fallacy that occurs when one person attacks another person character, qualifications, or experience. 

Argument for authority-

argument is based on the support of someone considered an authority instead of being based facts and sound reason