Covalent Bonds and Polar bonds Chemistry

What are the execeptions to the octect rule in louis structures?

Odd number, less than 8, more than 8, coordinate covalent bond

What is the odd number exception to the octect rule

Some atoms have an odd number of electrons. THis usually occurs in nitrogen;. The odd electron goes to the central atom.

What is the morethan 8 exception to the octect rule?

Some atoms have more than 8 atoms. This usually happens with S, P the hallogens and some noble gases.

What is the less than 8 exception to the octect rule?

Some atoms have less than 8 electrons. This usually happens with 1-5

Coordinate Covalent Bond

A bond formed when one atom donates both of the shared electrons. In a regular bond, each atom donates 1 electron to form the bond.

What is the VSEPR(valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory?

That the repulsion between electron pairs causes molecular shapes to adjust so that valence electron pairs stay as far apart as possible. Lone pair electrons alter the shape more than bonding electrons due to the fact that they spread out more.

What is the VSEPR Model?

The shape of a molecule determines many of its physical and chemical properties. Molecular geometry(Shape) can be determined by the VSEPR model which minimizes the repulsion shared and unshared atoms around the central atom.( Electron pairs repel each other and cause molecules to be in fixed positions relative to each other, Unshared electrons pairs also determine the shape of a molecule, electron pairs are located in a molecule as far apart as they can be)

Hybridization

A process in which atomic orbitals mix and form new, identical hybrid orbitals. Carbon often does this which forms a sp3 orbital. Lone pairs also occupy hybrid orbital.

Non polar

When the atoms with convalent bonds sharing electrons between atoms is pulled equally the bonding electrons are shared equally and they are this.

Polar

When the atoms with the convalent bonds sharing electrons between atoms pull unequally, the bonding electrons are pulled closer to one atom, and the bond is this.

How does eletronegativity measure its strength?

An atom's strength is measure by electronegativity(the ability to attract electrons) the larger the negativity the more strongly an atom attracts the electrons. The more electronegative elements get a (partial negative) charge and the less electrongeative element gets (partial positive) charge

Dipole Moment

A dipole moment occurs when a molecule is polar and has partially positive side and partially negative side. It is represented by an arrow with plus sign pointing at the electronegative element.

How do you tell if the molecule has polarity?

If all bonds in a molecular are the same (dipole equal) and the molecule is symmetrical then the molecule is nonpolar.(Molecule with polar bonds can be nonpolar overall) If the bonds in a molecule create an uneven distribution of electrons within the atom, the molecule is polar

What is the electronegativity difference between bond types?

Nonpolar-