Chapter 8 General Biology Overview

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45 Terms

1
Photosynthesis
Process converting CO₂ + H₂O → glucose + O₂ using sunlight.
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2
Chloroplast
Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
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3
Thylakoid
Membrane-bound discs in chloroplasts where light reactions occur.
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4
Stroma
Fluid-filled space in chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle occurs.
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5
Stomata
Leaf pores for gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out).
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6
Chlorophyll
Pigment absorbing blue/red light; reflects green.
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7
Carotenoids
Accessory pigments absorbing blue/green light; protect chlorophyll.
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8
Photosystem II (PS II)
Protein-pigment complex that splits water and initiates the electron transport chain.
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9
Photosystem I (PS I)
Protein-pigment complex that re-energizes electrons to make NADPH.
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10
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Proteins in the thylakoid membrane that transfer electrons and pump H⁺ ions.
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11
ATP Synthase
Enzyme that produces ATP as H⁺ ions flow through it.
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12
NADPH
Electron carrier molecule used in the Calvin cycle.
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13
Photolysis
Splitting of water into O₂, H⁺, and electrons using light.
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14
Calvin Cycle
Light-independent reactions that fix CO₂ into glucose.
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15
RuBisCO
Enzyme that fixes CO₂ to RuBP in C₃ plants.
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16
RuBP
Ribulose bisphosphate; a 5-carbon molecule that binds CO₂.
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17
3PG (3-Phosphoglycerate)
First stable molecule formed after CO₂ fixation.
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18
G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate)
3-carbon sugar used to make glucose, starch, and lipids.
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19
Photorespiration
Wasteful process where O₂ binds RuBisCO instead of CO₂.
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20
C₃ Plants
Plants using only the Calvin cycle (e.g., rice, wheat).
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21
C₄ Plants
Plants that spatially separate CO₂ fixation (mesophyll) and the Calvin cycle (bundle sheath).
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22
CAM Plants
Plants that fix CO₂ at night and run the Calvin cycle during the day (e.g., cacti).
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23
PEP Carboxylase
Enzyme in C₄/CAM plants with high CO₂ affinity.
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24
Malate
Molecule that stores CO₂ in C₄/CAM plants.
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25
Bundle Sheath Cells
Cells in C₄ plants where the Calvin cycle occurs.
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26
Mesophyll Cells
Leaf cells where CO₂ fixation occurs in C₃/C₄ plants.
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27
Glucose Phosphate
Molecule derived from G3P; precursor to sucrose and starch.
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28
Sucrose
Disaccharide used for energy transport in plants.
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29
Starch
Polysaccharide used for long-term energy storage.
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30
Cellulose
Polysaccharide in plant cell walls.
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31
ATP
Energy currency molecule produced in light reactions.
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32
NADP+
Electron carrier molecule reduced to NADPH.
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33
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Range of light wavelengths; plants use visible light (400-700 nm).
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34
Visible Light
Wavelengths (400-700 nm) used in photosynthesis.
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35
Redox Reaction
Reaction involving electron transfer (CO₂ is reduced, H₂O is oxidized).
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36
Light Reactions
Phase converting sunlight to ATP and NADPH.
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37
Cyclic Electron Flow
Pathway producing ATP only (no NADPH or O₂).
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38
Noncyclic Electron Flow
Pathway producing ATP, NADPH, and O₂.
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39
Photophosphorylation
ATP synthesis using light energy.
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40
Light-Dependent Reactions
Phase converting sunlight into ATP and NADPH; occurs in thylakoids.
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41
Calvin Cycle (C₃ Pathway)
Light-independent reactions in stroma; converts CO₂ → glucose.
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42
Photorespiration Adaptations
Adaptations in plants to minimize the effects of photorespiration.
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43
Products of Photosynthesis
Immediate: G3P → glucose, sucrose (transport), starch (storage), cellulose (cell walls).
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44

Photoautotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food using light energy.

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45

Examples of Photoautotrophs

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.

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