Respiration and Ventilation

Supplies

energy, nutrients, oxygen

Supplies need to get into

organisms to get to the cells

Communication for Internal Function

maintain optimal body conditions in changing environment & respond to changes in the environment quickly

Cellular Respiration

metabolic process that allows organisms to get energy by oxidizing nutrients

Respiration

moves oxygen from environment to body and tissues; moves carbon dioxide from inside body to environment

Ventilation

actively move respiratory fluid (water or air) over transport surface to facilitate respiration

Mitochondria require what to make energy?

oxygen

Diffusion typically occurs in

water/damp environments

Oxygen concentration is what is water?

highly variables

In water, how do smaller organisms get energy/nutrients?

diffusion

In water, how do larger organisms get oxygen?

specialized structures & some ventilation

What do smaller organisms do for diffusion?

maximize surface area

What are small organisms that use diffusion?

unicellular organims, algae, some invertebrates and larvae

What are Larger Organisms that use specialized cuntions?

multicellular organisms

On land, oxygen concentration is what?

very predictable

Desiccation

extreme drying or loss of moisture, typically to the point where organism dry out

How do plants exchange gases with environment?

stomata

Stomata

openings found mainly on underside of plant leaves, sometimes stems or other organs

Plant dermal tissue

pavement cells, guard cells, trichomes

Pavement Cells

secrete a waxy cuticle (can help prevent water loss)

Guard Cells

surround stomata; open and close to control gas exchange and prevent water loss

Trichomes

uni- or multicellular structures with many functions

Anthropods

strategies tied to genetic lineage

Insects & Myriapods respiration

tracheal system

Tracheal System

system of tubes & sacs allows direct transfer of gases between cells and environment; controlled by spiracles

Arachnid respiration

book lungs

Book lungs

modified from Book Gills and internalized in abdomen

Most Vertebrates respiration

gills/diffusion, lungs as back-up on land

Fish respiration

ancestrally rely on gills in water; boney fish ancestor developed lungs (probably bc of low oxygen in water)

Early Tetrapods & Amphibians respiration

moved to land about 395 mya; eggs and larvae in water but adults on land so diffusion via skin and lungs

Amniotes

mammals, reptiles, birds

Amniote Vertebrates respirations

lungs + ventilation systems w/ lots of specializations ot avoid desiccation

Tidal Lungs

pump air in 2-directions (in/out)

Uni-directional airflow

only one way for air to flow through lungs via accessory air sacs; in some/many reptiles