Rad 130 - structure of matter part 3
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74 Terms
an unstable nucleus
Some atoms exist at an abnormally excited state, caused by
spontaneously emits particles/energy and transforms itself
For an atom to become stable, the nucleus does what?
When an atom spontaneously emits particles/energy and transforms itself to become more stable.
What is radioative decay?
a radioactive isotope
What is a radioisotope?
it has too few or too many neutrons
What makes an isotope radioactive?
an atom that the nucleus undergoes radioactive decay
What is a radionuclide?
The rate of radioactive decay and the quantity of material present
What is the radioactive decay law?
the time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half its original value
What is radioactive half life?
curie - traditional system
becquerel - SI system
Radioactive material is measured in what units?
alpha and beta particles, or gamma rays
Radioactive decay results in the emission of
particulate and electromagnetic
What are the 2 classification of ionizing radiation?
particulate
Alpha and Beta emission are which classification of radiation?
electromagnetic
Photons (xray and gamma ray) are which classification of radiation?
Mass
Energy
Velocity
Charge
Origin
What are the 5 fundamental differences in ionizing radiation?
2 protons and 2 neutrons
What is an alpha particle composed of?
4
What is the atomic mass of an alpha particle?
+2
What is the electrical charge of an alpha particle?
Yes, due to loss of protons
If an atom emits an alpha particle, does it become a new element? why or why not?
4-7 Mev
How much energy does an alpha particle possess?
quickly
Do alpha particles lose their energy quickly or slowly?
high
Alpha particles travel at high or low velocity?
short
Alpha particles have a short or long range of transmission through matter?
5cm
What is the approximate range that alpha particles can travel through air?
100 microns
What is the approximate range that alpha particles can travel through soft tissue?
internal exposure (breathing in)
How/when are alpha particles harmful?
radon
What is a common example of alpha particle internal exposure?
an electron emitted form the nucleus (the negative part of a neutron)
What is a beta particle?
yes, because a neutron become a proton when the negative part is emitted, so the number of protons changes
If an atom emits an beta particle, does it become a new element? why or why not?
# neutrons reduced by one
bc the negative portion is lost and the positive portion becomes a proton
What happens to the number of neutrons after beta particle emission?why?
0
What is the atomic mass of a beta particle?
-1
What is the electrical charge of a beta particle?
the origin
beta comes from the nucleus
electron comes from the electron cloud
How is a beta particle different from an electron?
beta
Does alpha or beta particles have greater ability to penetrate?
particulate radiation - beta
Which type of radiation is used for radiation therapy?
xray and gamma ray
What are the two type of electromagnetic radiation?
they are energy, not matter
electromagnetic radiation (xrays and gamma rays) have no mass because
photons
electromagnetic radiation (xrays and gamma rays) are in bundles of energy called
speed of light
3x10^8 m/s
electromagnetic radiation (xrays and gamma rays) travel at what velocity?
energy disturbance in space
Photons are considered to be
nucleus
Where do gamma rays originate from?
electron cloud
Where do xrays originate from?
alpha or beta
Gama rays are usually accompanied by what?
unlimited
What is the range in matter for electromagnetic radiation?
alpha particles
Which radiation can be stopped by a piece of paper?
beta particles
Which radiation can be stopped by a layer of aluminum foil?
gamma rays
Which radiation can be stopped by concrete or lead?
alpha particle
A
beta particle
B
gamma rays
C
xrays
D
alpha particles
Which type of radiation has the highest energy?
0
What is the atomic mass of gamma rays?
0
What is the atomic mass of xrays?
4
What is the atomic mass of alpha particles?
0
What is the atomic mass of beta particles?
0
What is the charge of gamma rays?
0
What is the charge of xrays?
-1
What is the charge of beta radiation?
+2
What it the charge of alpha radiation?
nucleus
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma radiation originate from where?
electron cloud
Xray radiation originates from where?
ionizing
high energy particles, waves (xray, gamma, etc)
Which type or radiation is used for radiation therapy?
ionizing
beta emission and gamma radiation
Which type or radiation is used for nuclear medicine?
non-ionizing
MRI-radiofrequency
RF
US- sound waves
Which type or energy is used for MRI and US?
ionizing
x radiation
Which type or radiation is used for Xray and CT?
radioactive decay
When an atom is unstable and starts to emit particles, it is said to be undergoing what?
2 protons, 2 neutrons
What subatomic particles are emitted in alpha particles?
it is very low
Discuss the penetrability of the alpha particle
breathed in = radon
Give an example of how alpha can be harmful?
the negative part of a neutron
what subatomic particles are emitted with beta particle emission?
more than alpha
less than xray and gamma
Discuss the penetrability of the beta particle
the origin
xray is from electron cloud
gamma is from nucleus
What is the difference between xray and gamma?
electromagnetic
What type of radiation is used in xray?
electromagnetic xray
what type of radiation is used in CT?