Biology Revision

SA:V

Surface area:volume

Cell membrane

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Ribosome

Organelle that performs protein synthesis

Mitochondria

Performs respiration.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA with instructions.

Surface area formula

length x width x number of sides

Volume formula

length x width x height

Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Vacuole

A sac inside a cell that stores cell sap

Cell sap

a solution of sugars, amino acids and other substances, found in the vacuoles of plant cells

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

Organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Cell

smallest unit of life

What speeds up diffusion

Any one of: High SA:V, High temperature, Shorter distance

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Palisade cell

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

Red blood cell

Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

Neuron

a nerve cell, transmitting nerve impulses

Muscle cell

contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing

Root hair cell

Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil.

White blood cell

A blood cell that fights disease.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Active transport

An active movement where an input of energy is required. Particles move from low concentration to high concentration

Hypotonic solution

a solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis

Isotonic solution

a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

hypertonic solution

Higher concentration of solutes outside cell than inside

Turgid (plant cell)

A cell which is swollen with water

Flaccid (plant/animal cell)

A cell which has a lack of water

enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things. Remain unchanged after a reaction

Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

Catalase

An enzyme produced in all cells to decompose hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of cell respiration

Adult stem cells

undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ

Embryonic stem cells

An undifferentiated cell, taken from an embryo that has potential to give rise to various other cell or tissue types

CORMMSS

Control, Organism, Reliability, Measure x2, Same x2

Carbohydrate

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Amino acids

building blocks of proteins

Glycogen

Storage form of carbohydrates

Calorie

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C

Benedicts Solution

A chemical indicator that, when added to a solution and heated, changes from blue to light green to red in the presence of increasing concentrations of sugar.

Emulsion test

Used to test for lipids, uses ethanol

Test for starch

Iodine solution

-Positive:Blue black

-Negative:Orange yellow

Test for protein

Biuret solution

-Positive:Purple

-Negative:No change

Fibre

Indigestible part of food.

-Provides bulk for feaces and keeps the digestive system healthy

-Found in cereal, fruits and vegetables

Vitamin C

An important substance needed for proper repair of the skin and tissues; promotes the production of collagen in the skins dermal tissues; aids in and promotes the skins healing process.

Vitamin A

Supports the overall health of the skin; aids in the health, function, and repair of skin cells; has been shown to improve the skin's elasticity and thickness.

Vitamin D

Enables the body to properly absorb and use calcium, the element needed for proper bone development and maintenance. Vitamin D also promotes rapid healing of the skin.

Iron (in the body)

Helps oxygenate blood

Iron deficency anemia

insufficient iron for body to produce hemoglobin w/in RBC

Vitamin C deficiency / Scurvy

weakened immune system; impaired wound healing; weakness weight loss, failure to stand from squatting position, peripheral edema, pain in muscles/joints in legs, swollen joints, swollen bleeding gums

Enzyme

protein that acts as a biological catalyst

Active site

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Protease

enzyme that breaks down proteins

Catalase

breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

Peristalsis

the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along

Oesophagus

Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

Stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

Salivary glands

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces

rectum

the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

anus

A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

Absorption of nutrients

Which adaptation of the small intestine greatly increases its surface area

Presence of villi

Villi

Small fingerlike projections on the walls of the small intestines that increase surface area

Pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach

Optimum pH for enzymes

the pH at which enzymes work best

Ileum function

absorbs nutrients

Maltase

A digestive enzyme that breaks maltose into glucose.

Trypsin

an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine

movement

MRS C GREN - they move. an example would be contraction of muscle fibres

respiration

The process by which living organisms convert food into energy, involving inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. an example would be aerobic respiration in humans

control

the ability of an organism to regulate its internal environment and maintain stability despite external changes, often involving feedback mechanisms.

sensitivity

the ability of an organism to detect and respond to stimuli in its environment, which is crucial for survival.

growth

the process by which organisms increase in size and mass, often involving cellular division and differentiation.

reproduction

the biological process by which organisms produce new individuals, ensuring the continuation of their species.

excretion

the process by which organisms eliminate waste products resulting from metabolic activities, maintaining homeostasis.

nutrition

the process by which organisms obtain and utilize food for energy, growth, and maintenance of bodily functions.

nucleus

the membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and regulates gene expression.

cytoplasm

the gel-like substance within a cell, excluding the nucleus, that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.

cell membrane

a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the external environment, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

ribosome

a molecular machine within cells that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences.

vacuole

a membranous organelle in plant and fungal cells, used for storage, waste disposal, and maintaining turgor pressure.

mitochondria

organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through cellular respiration.

cell wall

a rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and bacterial cells, providing structural support and protection.

chloroplast

an organelle found in plant cells and some protists, responsible for photosynthesis by converting sunlight into chemical energy.

prokaryote

a unicellular organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, typically found in bacteria and archaea.

eukaryote

a type of cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including plant and animal cells.

protoctist

any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus, often unicellular or multicellular, including algae and protozoa.

animal

a multicellular eukaryote that primarily consumes organic material for energy, distinguishing it from plants and fungi.

plant

a multicellular eukaryote that produces its own energy through photosynthesis, characterized by cell walls made of cellulose.

fungus

a multicellular or unicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic material, often decomposing and recycling nutrients in ecosystems.

peristalsis

the wave-like muscle contractions in the digestive tract that move food through the alimentary canal.

bile

a digestive fluid produced by the liver that aids in the emulsification and digestion of fats.

emulsification of fats

the process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets, enhancing digestion and absorption in the intestines.

aerobic respiration

the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.