Common Separation Methods

Chromatography

physical separation of mixture observing different rates at which they move across the filter paper

Chromatography

separation of heterogenous mixtures based on differential rates of migration of constituents in a tubular column packed with a substance that interacts with constituents

Gas-Liquid Chromatography

involves separating components of a mixture according to its distribution between a stationary liquid and a moving gas phase

Stationary Phase of G-L Chromatography

this step involves increasing the boiling point to coat the liquid on the surface of the column

Mobile Phase of G-L Chromatography

this step involves adding an inert gas to carry the sample through the column

strong interactions

In the Separation Mechanics Phase of the G-L Chromatography, this is identified by noting slow movement across the stationary phase and column

weak interactions

In the Separation Mechanics Phase of the G-L Chromatography, this is identified by noting fast movement across the stationary phase and column

Paper Chromatography

involves separating mixtures according to differential partitioning between a mobile phase (solvent) and stationary phase (paper)

Stationary Phase of Paper Chromatography

this step involves using filter paper that can absorb and hold liquids

Mobile Phase of Paper Chromatography

this step involves using a solvent that moves across the stationary phase via capillary action

Separation Mechanisms of Paper Chromatography

this mechanism involves apply the mixture at 1 spot near the end of the filter paper, called “origin”. As solvent moves, it carries the mixture component

strong affinity for solvent

In the Separation Mechanics Phase of the Paper Chromatography, this is identified by noting fast movement across the paper

strong affinity for paper

In the Separation Mechanics Phase of the Paper Chromatography, this is identified by noting slow movement across the paper

Partitioning Phase of Paper Chromatography

this step involves the now separated components appearing as spots or bands. each corresponding to different substances

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

A technique that separates components in non-volatile mixtures. It is performed on a plate made up of a non-reactive solid coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material

Stationary Phase of TLC

this step involves the use of a thin layer of absorbent material (silica gel, alumina) coated on a glass, metal, or plastic plate

Mobile Phase of TLC

this step involves using a solvent (ie: organic solvent; hexane, ethyl acetate, methane; or a water based solvent) that moves up via capillary action

Sample Application of TLC

this step involves applying the mixture as a spot or line near the bottom of the TLC plate (in origin)

high affinity to the mobile phase

after enclosing the mixture in a chamber, In the Separation Mechanics Phase of TLC, this is identified by noting fast movement

high affinity to stationary phase

after enclosing the mixture in a chamber, In the Separation Mechanics Phase of TLC, this is identified by noting slow movement

Distillation

this is a purification process where components of liquid mixtures with different boiling points are vaporized — condensed — isolated

Distillation

this common separation method is often applied in separating acetone and water, and distilling alcohol and red wine

Distillation

this common separation method is a method to separate parts of a homogenous mixture according to their boiling point

1. liquid with the lowest boiling point

in distillation, components vaporize and is followed by cooling and condensing the new liquid form. This is to be then collected and put into different containers. Which component vaporizes first?

1. liquid with the highest boiling point

2. liquids with the same boiling points

3. liquid with the lowest boiling point

4. inert gas with a relatively low boiling point

fractional distillation

this distillation type is used to separate liquids according to relative volatility.

fractional distillation

this distillation type uses a fractioning column to perform multiple vapor-condensation cycles. It also best used for components with similar boiling points

fractional distillation

this distillation type is used in the following ex:

• separating hydrocarbons in petroleum refining

• making of crude oil

simple distillation

this distillation type heats the liquid mixture, then condenses and collects the vapors. To test, the validity of the distillation, a flame test may be done

simple distillation

this distillation type is best for mixtures with significant differences in their boiling points

steam distillation

this distillation type involves using steam that passes through the mixture and carries volatile components with it then condenses

steam distillation

this distillation type is best used for
temperature-sensitive compounds

vacuum distillation

this distillation type decreases the pressure in a container, thus decreasing the liquids’ boiling points. Thus, allowing distillation to take place as lower temperatures

vacuum distillation

this distillation type is best used for components with very high boiling points

Precipitation

this method of separation allows one to separate soluble from insoluble constituents

Precipitation

this method of separation involves dissolving substances in a solvent (ex: H₂O) to form a solution. Afterwards, the adding of a new solvent or reagent causes a change in the temperature, pH, concentration thus may make a solution insoluble or less soluble

Precipitation

this method of separation is used to purify and isolate substances

Filtration

this method of separation allows one to separate solids from liquids or gas via interposing a medium where only fluid can pass

filtrate

In physically separating a heterogenous mixture via filtration, this is referred to as the material collected

residue

In physically separating a heterogenous mixture via filtration, this is referred to as the material left behind

Solvent Extraction

this method allows separation according to solubility differences at contrasting immiscible phases

Solvent Extraction

this method of separation allows the distribution if a solute between 2 immiscible solvents

Magnetic Separation

this method of separation removes metal contaminants (ie: iron on sand)

Magnetic Separation

this method of separation is used in the following ex:

• waste management

• decreased magnetic field

• separation in water purification

• separation in complex mixtures

Decantation

this method allows separation of an immiscible liquid and a solid mixture in a suspension

Decantation

this method of separation makes use of density of materials as heavier particles are expected to immediately settle down

Sedimentation

A Liquid-Solid Separation method that involves the process of waiting for heavier particles to settle down from the Liquid solution

L-L Separation

Partition and Extraction are methods of this type of separation

S-L Extraction

This separation method has leaching applications (ie: put a water bottle in car - it becomes cancerous)

Centrifugation

This separation method separates fluids, gas, and liquids according to their density by rapidly shaking the materials

Centrifugation

this method of separation is used to examine the following ex:

• DNA

• Blood

• Virus particles

Frictional Force and Buoyant Force

the direction of these interacting forces of centrifugation is pointed upward

Centrifugal Force

the direction of these interacting forces of centrifugation is pointed downward

Small molecules

In fractional distillation these molecules are said to:

• low boiling point

• light in color

• runny

large molecules

In fractional distillation these molecules are said to:

• high boiling point

• dark in color

• thick