Chapter 1, 2,3 ,5,6( Psychology of Gender)

More current conceptualizations of gender include a wider range of possible gender identities.

True

Currently, the American Psychiatric Association only diagnoses people with gender dysphoria if they experience clinical levels of distress.

True

Widespread beliefs that the underprivileged are "poor but happy" would be an example of a legitimizing myth.

True

Until recently there has been no record of cultures recognizing more than two sexes and genders.

False

People who do not feel a sense of belonging to any category of sex are referred to as

agender

______ refers to an individuals' psychological experience of their gender

Gender identity

Rhoda Unger (1979) argued for using "sex" to refer to the ______ aspects of being female or male while "gender" should be used when discussing the ______ aspects.

biological; culturally constructed

Gender dysphoria refers to

distress arising from a conflict between gender identity and gender assigned by others

Men and masculinity scholars have developed new theories often focusing on

the destructive aspects of the traditional male gender role for men's health

Which of the following do sex binaries accomplish? (Select all that apply.)

organizing labor divisions, simplifying social interactions, maintaining order in social institutions

Categories such as heterosexual, gay, and lesbian refer to ______ whereas categories such as cisgender, transgender, and genderqueer refer to ______.

sexual orientation; gender indentities

Which of the following BEST represents an intersectional perspective?

researching how Black women face multiple forms of discrimination

Hormonal differences between men and women are stable and insensitive to (do not vary in response to) social events.

True

Group based privilege refers to

automatic, unearned advantage that accompanies certain groups

Sex and gender are ______ or mental frameworks through which people process their social worlds.

schemas

Which of the following is most characteristic of a person who is gender fluid?

shifting among female, male, and third gender identities

Which group would be LEAST likely to recognize the influence of sex and gender in daily life?

cisgender men

The presence of a statistically significant difference tells you that there is a large effect size.

False

A well-conducted experiment allows researchers to make causal inferences.

True

Proponents of intersectionality argue that it is not meaningful to make comparisons between women and men without taking other identities such as race, class, or sexual orientation into consideration.

True

Generalizing results from a sample composed entirely of men to all people is an example of androcentrism.

True

Androcentric thinking refers to a bias

the frames men or male typed traits as the default

Naturally occurring features of research participants that are measured instead of manipulated are called ______ variables.

Participant

A(n) ______ is a quantitative technique for analyzing the aggregate results from a set of individual studies.

meta-analysis

______ methods allow researchers to turn their variables of interest into numbers.

Quantitative

Experimental methods in gender research can be especially challenging because

sex and gender identity cannot be easily or ethically manipulated

Given the recorded biases in gender research, which of the following are appropriate strategies to reduce bias? Select all that apply.

-avoid using androcentric research materials

-refrain from generalizing findings from single-sex samples to all people

-always report effects sizes when publishing research

Which of the following is key to avoiding exaggerating the magnitude of sex differences?

communicating the distinction between statistical and practical significance

Which of the following best illustrates a type of question a researcher operating from the female deficit model might ask?

Do girls lack math abilities compared to boys?

White, Hughto, and Reisner's (2016) longitudinal study of transgender people seeking gender confirmation procedures found that initiating hormone treatments increased anxiety and depression symptoms.

False

The story of David Reimer, a genetic boy raised as a girl, is consistent with John Money's assumption that nurture overrides nature in determining individuals' gender identity.

False

By looking at either external genitalia or sex chromosomes scientists can accurately determine a person's sex.

False

According to biosocial constructionist theory, sex differences in traits related to warmth and assertiveness emerge from how societies divide labor

True

The complex series of processes that unfolds as embryos transition into an individual with male, female, or intersex genitalia is called

sex differentiation

The study of biological mechanisms that guide whether or not certain genes get expressed or activated is called

epigenetics

Which of the following are true of genetic females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)? Select all that apply.

-They often undergo feminization surgery of their f=genitalia in infancy

-

______ refers to the binary sex that doctors and parents perceive as the best option for newborn infants whose genitalia appear atypical

Optimal Sex

Which of the following best describes the case story of David Reimer, a genetic boy raised a girl?

Reimer's story indicates that gender identity cannot be entirely shaped by socialization

Which best describes the implications of the Meyer-Bahlburg (2005) study (examining genetic males raised as females) for the nature versus nurture debate as it relates to the development of gender identity?

Nurture variables (e.g., rearing) have strong effects upon gender identity, but they can be overridden by nature variables (e.g., chromosomes and hormones).

John Money's optimal sex policy at John Hopkins University reflected his belief that

social factors can override any role that biology plays in gender identity

People with conditions that make the cells of the body less responsive to androgens tend to

appear female at birth and develop a female gender identity

Gender identity is roughly as heritable as personality in general.

True

Genetic males with complete androgen insensitivity typically develop a female gender identity

True

Studies providing heritability estimates for gender identity suggest that

the heritability of gender identity is similar to the heritability of major personality traits

Which of the following is the best example of nurture (environmental factors) influencing nature (biological differences)?

the finding that girls who experience higher family stress tend to have an earlier age of menstruation

Parents are generally more flexible in allowing boys than girls to pursue cross-gender behavior.

False

Children spend most of their playtime with gender-typical toys.

False

People who are gender aschematic are especially likely to use gendered concepts as a way of understanding and organizing the world.

False

In Western cultures, early puberty is related to more negative outcomes among girls than it is among boys.

True

According to the precarious manhood hypothesis, there is a cross-cultural tendency to understand manhood as ______ and womanhood as ______.

easy to lose; stable

In which of the following ways do children raised by same-sex parents differ from children with parents of both sexes? (Hint: Think about social learning theory.)

They endorse fewer gender stereotypes

The idea behind the double standard of aging is that

women's social value declines with age but men's increases

Degendering theory proposes that

as people grow older gender becomes a less central aspect of the self

Social learning theories may be criticized for characterizing children as ______ while cognitive theories receive criticism for de-emphasizing the role of ______.

passive recipient of their environment; culture

Researchers manipulating the salience of sex as a grouping dimension in children's classrooms have found that increasing the salience of sex leads to which of the following? Select all that apply.

-increased in-group bias

-decreased playtime with other sex peers

-increased gender stereotyping

-decreased enjoyment of recreational activity

?

Which of the following outcomes would be consistent with the precarious manhood hypothesis? Select all that apply.

-Men who experience job loss as emasculating experience increased anxiety.

-Men are more likely than women to expect losing their job will affect their reputation.

-Men engage in more public displays of risky behavior.

Cognitive theories differ from social learning theories in that cognitive theories focus more on

the internal, mental changes children undergo as they understand their world.

Transgender identity in pre-puberty children is problematic because children tend to be either confused or simply pretending to be another gender.

False

Which of the following best describes what Walter Mischel (1966) meant by the term sex-typing?

the process by which individuals acquire gendered behavior patterns through social reward and punishment

According to Sandra Bem (1983) what is the difference between someone who is gender schematic versus someone who is gender aschematic?

Someone who is gender schematic is more likely to use gender as a way of understanding and organizing the world.

Major theories of gender development fall into two broad categories: ______ and ______.

social learning; cognitive

______ refers to a culturally idealized and exaggerated vision of manhood that consists of competition, aggression, success, and toughness.

Hegemonic masculinity

Research has demonstrated what about the capacities of young, pre-pubertal children to develop stable transgender identities?

Even at a young age, children may develop a clear and consistent sense of themselves as belonging to a gender group that differs from their assigned sex.

Little Jonny's parents always smile at him when they see him roughhousing with his friends. Which element of social learning theory is this an example of?

reinforcement

According to cognitive developmental theory, what is the causal relationship between gender identity and gender typical behaviors?

The emergence of gender identity causes children to perform gender typical behavior.

It is easiest for members of high status groups (e.g., White men) to see the privileges of their own group status.

False

Of all the stages of the scientific method, replication or repeating an experiment that someone has already conducted, is the least important.

False

Over three quarters of effect sizes associated with sex differences in cognitive, social, and motor variables fall in the small or close to zero range.

True

By looking at either external genitalia or sex chromosomes scientists can accurately determine a person's sex.

False

Rhoda Unger (1979) argued for using "sex" to refer to the ______ aspects of being female or male while "gender" should be used when discussing the ______ aspects.

biological; culturally constructed

Intersexuality refers to instances where

biological components of sex do not fit the typical male/female pattern

Some social understandings of sex and gender show a great deal of cultural variability, such as

the acceptability of third sex/gender options

Which of the following is crucial to making causal inferences from a study? Pick all that apply

-random assignment

-holding other variables constant

(i think)

Which of the following is TRUE of studies examining the heritability of masculine and feminine traits?

Around 52-80% of the population variance in feminine and masculine traits is explained by social and environmental factors

Which of the following best describes what determines a person's biological sex?

a combination of chromosomes, genes, hormones, and internal and external sex organs

At the genetic level alone, female and male are defined by

the presence or absence of a Y chromosome

A mental structure for organizing networks of information about gender is called a gender

schema

Which of the following is true of the representation of girls and women in children's media? Select all that apply.

-Gender bias in favor of male characters is more pronounced in non-human animal characters.

-Coloring books contain more male than female lead characters.

-Gender bias in favor of male characters is unique to Western cultures.

For transgender individuals there exists

a mismatch between the sex they are assigned at birth and their psychological gender

Some gender researchers argue that a maximalist approach is problematic because

it ignores important sex differences (Wrong)

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative method?

administering the Big Five personality inventory to a group with ADHD

Consider a research study that brings participants into the laboratory one at a time where they have a brief social interaction with an accomplice. Researchers measure the amount of time each participant spends making eye contact during the interaction. They then compare eye contact duration of male and female participants. Which design best describes the above study?

ex post facto

John Money's optimal sex policy at John Hopkins University reflected his belief that

social factors can override any role that biology plays in gender identity

Researchers manipulating the salience of sex as a grouping dimension in children's classrooms have found that increasing the salience of sex leads to which of the following? Select all that apply.

-decreased enjoyment of recreational activity

-increased in-group bias

-decreased playtime with other sex peers

( I think)

Which of the following describes how having siblings influences gender development?

Children with older siblings of the same gender display the most gender typical behavior.

Imagine Mark is studying sex differences in emotional expression. His study contains measures for seven different types of emotional expression. He finds that women score higher on one of these and men score higher on another one. He interprets his findings as suggesting largely different styles of emotional expression across men and women. Mark's interpretation indicates a ______ approach

maximalist

Dr. Johnson rejects optimal sex policies on ethical grounds. Which of the following recommendations is Dr. Johnson most likely to make to parents who give birth to an intersex child?

recommend postponing any treatments until the child becomes old enough to contribute to the decision

Evolutionary psychology faces a challenge to its scientific merit because

its predictions can be speculative and difficult to test empirically

A study examining the influence of parents and peers upon gender development would most likely come from the ______ perspective.

social learning

Favorable stereotypes about women as warm, nurturing, and generous are consistent across race and socioeconomic status.

False

Biosocial constructionist theory argues that gender stereotypes are ultimately the result of how labor has been divided throughout history

True

In the United States, the strength of people's gender stereotypes has not weakened over the past several decades.

True

Stereotypes toward people who belong to multiple social groups (e.g., Black and Muslim) are simply the aggregate of the stereotypes toward each of the individual groups.

True

Research shows that ______ is an effective strategy for increasing tendencies to view people as unique individuals, as similar to ourselves, and to like them.

considering the multiple subgroups that people belong to

Which of the following groups will be stereotyped most similarly to men overall?

White men

Which of the following reasons most likely explains why there is little research examining stereotypes of heterosexual women and men?

Because heterosexuality is the "normal" sexuality, and its stereotypes mimic those applied to women and men generally.

Suppose a math teacher stereotypes male students as better at math than female students, and this in turn causes the teacher to give more attention to male students. This ultimately results in male students performing better in the teacher's class than female students. This is an example of

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following theories suggests that men and women are genetically disposed toward displaying different personality traits?

evolutionary psychology

When Terri Conley (2013) asked Blacks, Asian Americans, and Latinas/os about their attitudes toward White women she found that people of color stereotype White women as

dumb and sexually easy

The interpersonal process--in which stereotypes shape how group members are treated, which then yields outcomes that "prove" the stereotype true--is referred to as

a self-fulfilling prophecy