Exam 3 DETAILED Study Guide (Chapters 9–12)

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from Chapters 9 to 12 based on the detailed study guide.

Germinal Stage

The first stage of prenatal development (0–2 weeks) involving fertilization, zygote formation, rapid cell division, and implantation.

Embryonic Stage

The second stage of prenatal development (3–8 weeks) focused on organ formation and development of the placenta and umbilical cord.

Fetal Stage

The third stage of prenatal development (2 months to birth), characterized by growth, brain development, sleep cycles, and neural pruning.

Temperament

Inborn personality tendencies that can vary among individuals.

Attachment

The emotional bond between a child and caretaker, with secure or insecure attachment outcomes.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Four stages: Sensorimotor (object permanence), Preoperational (egocentrism), Concrete (logical thinking, conservation), Formal (abstract reasoning).

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson's psychosocial stage during adolescence where individuals develop a sense of self.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Three levels: Preconventional (punishment & reward), Conventional (approval & law/order), Postconventional (ethical principles).

Sex

Biological characteristics defining male and female.

Gender

Social roles and behaviors typically associated with being male or female.

Gender Identity

An individual's internal sense of their own gender.

Sexual Orientation

The pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction one feels towards others.

Freud's Id

The part of the personality driven by the pleasure principle.

Ego

The component of personality that operates on the reality principle.

Superego

The ethical component of personality that provides moral standards.

Psychosexual Stages

Freud's five stages of development: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital.

Actualizing Tendency

Rogers' concept of the innate drive to maintain and enhance the self.

OCEAN

A five-factor model of personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Social Psychology

The study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

Cognitive Dissonance

The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting cognitions, often leading to attitude change.

Prejudice

A negative attitude toward a group or individual based on group membership.

Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency when other people are present.

Deindividuation

A psychological state where individuals in a group lose self-awareness and feel less accountable for their actions.