chapter 1-3 history test

columbian exchange

when plants, animals, and diseases were traded between Europe and the Americas after 1492. It’s important because it changed diets, populations, and cultures around the world.

encomienda system

was a Spanish system where colonists made Native Americans work for them in exchange for “protection” and teaching Christianity. It’s important because it gave Spain wealth through farming and mining, but it also led to forced labor, abuse, and a big decline in Native populations.

pueblo revolt

was an uprising by Pueblo people against Spanish colonizers in 1680 in present-day New Mexico. It was significant as it temporarily expelled the Spanish and allowed the Pueblo to restore their traditional way of life.

our lady of Guadalupe

is a Catholic title for the Virgin Mary, associated with a famous apparition in Mexico in 1531. This event is significant as it strengthened Catholicism in Mexico and is celebrated as a symbol of Mexican identity.

mercantilism

is an economic theory that emphasizes the importance of accumulating wealth through trade and maintaining a colonial empire. It advocates that a country's strength is directly related to its wealth, leading to policies that favor exports over imports.

Jamestown

was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia. Its survival marked the beginning of the British colonial empire in America.

joint stock company

is a business structure that allows multiple investors to pool their resources for common commercial ventures, sharing profits and risks. This model was used to fund the establishment of colonies in the Americas, such as Jamestown.

mayflower compact

was an agreement made by the Pilgrims in 1620 establishing a framework for self-government in their new colony. It is considered a foundational document in the development of American democracy.

king Philips war

was an armed conflict in 1675-1676 between Native American inhabitants of New England and English colonists. The war was named after Metacomet, who was called King Philip by the English, and it was one of the deadliest wars in American history.

anne hutchinson

was a Puritan spiritual leader in colonial Massachusetts who challenged gender roles and the religious authority of the established church. She was ultimately tried and banished for her beliefs, becoming an early advocate for religious freedom.

quakers

a religious group that emerged in the 17th century, advocating for nonviolence, equality, and direct communication with God. They played a significant role in the early abolitionist movement and promoted religious freedom.

puritans

a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England from within. They emphasized strict religious discipline and a personal connection to God.

pilgrims

English settlers who founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620 seeking religious freedom.

Massachusetts bay colony

A group of Puritans established this colony in 1630 with the goal of creating a "city upon a hill" as a model of Christian charity and governance.

indentured servants

laborers who agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to America and eventual freedom.

bacons rebellion

was when Virginia settlers rebelled against the governor over unfair treatment. It’s important because it weakened indentured servitude and increased slavery.

the great awakening

a religious revival that was important because it encouraged equality and independent thinking.

what were the effects of the European immigration on the native Americans after 1492

European immigration brought disease, land loss, forced labor, and cultural change to Native Americans, while also introducing new animals and tools.

describe the relationship between the native Americans and Spanish

The Spanish and Natives had a conflict-filled relationship, with the Spanish exploiting and converting them while Natives resisted.

how did the native Americans respond to the catholic faith

Native Americans accepted, mixed, or resisted the Catholic faith, depending on their situation.

what were the causes and effects of the pueblo revolt

The Pueblo Revolt happened because of Spanish abuse and religious suppression, and it forced the Spanish out for years and made them treat Natives less harshly afterward.

how did the English and Spanish compare and contrast in their motives for exploration and colonization

Both wanted land and power, but Spain focused on riches and conversion, while England focused more on farming, settlement, and religious freedom.

why did colonists switch from indentured servants to African slaves as their preferred source of labor

Colonists chose African slaves because they were cheaper long-term, worked for life, and gave planters more controlthan indentured servants.