Perido 2 Vocab

Settlements (ARC)

Established communities for trade, agriculture, and resource extraction, often involving interactions with Indigenous peoples.

joint-stock company

A business entity where investors pool their resources to fund trade and colonization efforts, sharing profits and losses.

Joint Stock Companies

Companies that raise money by selling stock

Jamestown

First permanent British settlement in North America (1607)

Virginia Company

Company that settled Jamestown in 1607

Powhatan

Leader of Indians in Jamestown area whose daughter, Pocahontas, married Jamestown settle John Rolfe

Headright System

Law that granted land to new settlers in Chesapeake area

House of Burgesses

Jamestown's (and later Virginia's) first legislature (or law-making body)

Toleration Act (1649)

Law that granted religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon leads followers against corrupt VA governor William Berkeley but dies suddenly (in 1676). It helped to decrease the power of the plantation-elites and to improve life for yeoman farmers and indentured servants but lead to importation of slave labor.

Pilgrims

Puritan s (a.k.a. Separatists) who had left Church of England and migrated to America on Mayflower

Mayflower Compact

1st "Constitution" in N America. It provided for Puritan self-government

Plymouth

Colony established by Puritans (a.k.a. Pilgrims, Separatists) in 1620

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by Puritans in 1630 and led by John Winthrop

"City Upon a Hill"

Winthrop phrase about how Mass Bay colony would serve as a model of the perfect Christian city

Roger Williams

Puritan minister who wanted less church interference in government and left Mass Bay colony. He eventually founded Rhode Island in 1636

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan convicted of heresy and went to Rhode Island

Thomas Hooker

Puritan who left Mass Bay colony and founded Connecticut in 1636

Cotton Mather

Puritan minister in Mass Bay who preached "fire and brimstone" sermons

Metacom's Rebellion

1675-1676. New England Indian uprising led by Indian king called King Philip by British

Navigation Acts

Laws imposed by Britain on the American colonists that required colonists to trade primarily with Britain

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies that began as land grants by the king of England to aristocrats like Lord Baltimore (MD)

William Penn

English Quaker whose proprietorship became a haven for Quakers

Jonathan Edwards

CT river valley preacher in the 1730s

Great Awakening

Religious revival begun in the 1730s by British minister George Whitefield

Old Light v. New Light

pre v. post Great Awakening preachers

Phillis Wheatley

Her poetry is noteworthy for her triumph over slavery and for its quality

English Cultural Domination

Most of the population of the colonies was English, but Africans and Europeans created some diversity in the culture of the colonies

Benjamin West

Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist along with John Copley

John Copley

Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist along with Benjamin West

Benjamin Franklin

Writer and scientist; author of Poor Richard's Almanac and inventor of bifocal eyeglasses

Poor Richard's Almanac

Written by Benjamin Franklin, this book written in 1732 contained aphorisms and advice

John Bartram

Self-taught botanist of Philadelphia.

Professions: Religion, Medicine, Law

Ministers, Physicians, and Lawyers (due to legal support of revolution) were all respected careers in the 18th century

Religious Toleration

Massachusetts was the least tolerant in matters of religion, excluding non-Christians and Catholics. Rhode Island and Pennsylvania were the most liberal

Established Church

Churches that were financed by taxes. (Anglican Church in Virginia/Congregational Church in Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut)

George Whitefield

(1739) Stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed faith in Christ Jesus. Taught that with sincere faith, ordinary people could understand scripture without ministers. Led to Great Awakening

Sectarian

Existing to promote the doctrines of a specific religion; many colleges were this, except for the College of Philadelphia

Nonsectarian

A type of secular private educational institution or other organization either not affiliated with or not restricted to a particular religious group

Subsistence Farming

Farming that provides for the needs of the people on the farm, but nothing else. (New England mainly).

J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur

A Frenchman who wrote, "America is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American." (1782)

Colonial Families

Family was very important in the colonies; couples married young and had many children. Most families lived on farms. Men worked, owned land, and dominated politics. Women did housework, educated the children, and worked with her husband

Germans

In the 1670s the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York and Pennsylvania.

Scotch-Irish

People who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They lived in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by these people. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors

Andrew Hamilton

Lawyer for Zenger in the Zenger case. (1735)

Huguenots

The Huguenots were groups of French Protestants that lived from about 1560 to 1629. Protestantism was introduced into France between 1520 and 1523, and the principles were accepted by many members of the nobility, the intellectual classes, and the middle class. At first the new religious group was royally protected, but toward the end of the reign of King Francis I they were persecuted. Nevertheless, they continued to grow

Dutch

Dutch trading posts and plantations in America precede the much wider known colonization activities of the Dutch in Asia. New Amsterdam

Swedes

The Swedish colonization of the Americas included a 17th-century colony on the Delaware River in what is now Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, as well as two possessions in the Caribbean during the 18th and 19th century

Africans

Need for slaves largely tied to European colonies' need for labor, especially plantation agricultural labor in their Caribbean sugar colonies operated by Great Britain, France, Spain and the Netherlands

Immigrants

Many immigrants who came to American were Protestant French, German-speaking, or Scotch-Irish. They were fleeing religious persecution and wars, as well as seeking economic opportunities. Africans were also brought in large numbers to the colonies, albeit unwillingly

Social Mobility

Everyone in colonial society, except African Americans, could improve their status/standard of living with hard work

Hereditary Aristocracy

There was no hereditary aristocracy in the colonies. Their class system was based on economics with wealthy landowners at the top, and craftspeople and common people made up the majority

John Peter Zenger

Published a true, but unflattering article about New York's royal governor and was charged with libel. He was acquitted by the jury. (1735)

Enlightenment

18th century euro philosophical movement that advocated the use of reason and rationality to establish a system of ethics and knowledge. Provided frame work for r both Americans and French Revolution and rise of capitalism

Colonial Governors

8 royal colonies with governors appointed by the king (NH, MA, NY, NJ, VA, NC, SC, GA); 3 proprietary colonies (MD, PA, DE) had governors appointed by the proprietors; CT and RI had popular vote elections for representatives

Colonial Legislatures

Legislature consisted of two houses; lower house or assembly, elected by the eligible voters, voted for or against new taxes, and became accustomed to only paying taxes if their chosen reps approved; royal and proprietary colonies, members of the legislature's upper house-or council-were appointed by the king or the proprietor; two self-governing bodies, upper and lower houses were elective bodies

Town Meetings

Dominant form of government in NE, where people would meet to vote directly on public issues

Country Government

Local government in southern colonies were a law-enforcing sheriff and other officers served a large territorial unit (colony)

Limited Democracy

White women, poor white men, slaves and free blacks, formed the majority of the population but couldn't vote.

Providence

Founded by Roger Williams (1636), in Providence, Native Americans were dealt with fairly in buying land and religious freedom was extended to all

Rhode Island

In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into Rhode Island

Halfway Covenant

People could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ (1660) Caused by: The next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members

Holy Experiment

Penn wanted to test ideas he had developed in his colony. He created a government for his colony, and planned his cities

Charter of Liberties

Guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

Rice Plantations

These plantations grew food for the West Indies, and relied on slave labor. Found in South Carolina

Tobacco Farms

These were mainly small farms in North Carolina, but larger tobacco plantations were found in other parts of the colonies

John Cabot

Explored the northeast coast of North America in 1497 and 1498, claiming Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Grand Banks for England

Captain John Smith

(1580-June 21, 1631) was an English soldier, sailor, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas

John Rolfe

One of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy

Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan; saved John Smith from his captors; her marriage to John Rolfe sealed peace agreement of First Anglo-Powhatan War

Puritans

English Protestant Reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds

Mayflower

The ship that transported mostly English Puritans and Separatists, collectively known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth England to the New World

John Winthrop

A wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in New England after Plymouth Colony

Great Migration

1620-1640 the migration in this period of English settlers, primarily Puritans to Massachusetts and the warm islands of the West Indies

Virginia

Virginia struggled with economic problems, a rebellion against the colonial government, and labor shortages (late 1700's)

John Davenport

Founder of New Haven (1637)

Connecticut

In 1665, New Haven and Hartford joined to form Connecticut under a royal charter

New Hampshire

Hoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony

Glorious Revolution

In 1688, James was deposed and replaced with William and Mary, ended the Dominion of England

Pennsylvania

"Penn's woods" Land given to William Penn, 1681

Wampanoag

Indian tribe led by Metacom

Metacom

aka King Philip

King Philip's War

Metacom, aka King Phillip, joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676

The Carolinas

King Charles II granted eight nobles who had helped him gain the throne the Carolinas. (1663) In 1729, the Carolinas were split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. In North Carolina, there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations

New York

In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother James (the Duke of York) the land now known as New York. James took the land from the Dutch, but treated them fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute representative government. He relented in 1683

New Jersey

Land granted by James to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, 1664. Eventually sold to Quakers, and later (1702), became a royal colony

Delaware

In 1702, Penn granted the lower three colonies their own legislature, but Delaware and Pennsylvania had the same governor until the American Revolution

Georgia

Georgia was formed in 1732 to provide a buffer between wealthy Georgia from Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, 1733. Acted as governor of Georgia and had strict laws which included a ban on rum and slavery

Sir William Berkeley

Royal Governor of Virginia (1641-1652, 1660-1677) who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. Put down Bacon's rebellion (1676)

New England Confederation

In 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven formed a military alliance to deal with Native Americans. Lasted until 1684

Corporate Colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown

Royal Colonies

Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624

Chesapeake Colonies

The now divided area once known as the Virginia Company; composed of Maryland and Virginia (1632) Maryland becomes first proprietary colony (1632)

Dominion of New England

James II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England was composed of New York, New Jersey, and other New England colonies.

Sir Edmund Andros

Sent from England to govern the dominion; was very unpopular due to increase of taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles

Slavery

The first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619, and were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, like an indentured servant. Then, discriminatory laws were passed and slaves nor their offspring were never freed

Middle Passage

Voyage from Africa to the West Indies; miserable for the slaves transported, many died