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Three Domains of Life
Woesse et al. identified three major life domains.
Phylogenetic Tree
Diagram showing evolutionary relationships among species.
Hierarchical Classification
Nomenclature includes nested ranks for organisms.
Carolus Linnæus
Father of Taxonomy; developed binomial nomenclature.
Binomial Nomenclature
Two-part naming system for species identification.
Phylum Chordata
Group characterized by notochord and dorsal nerve cord.
Subphylum Vertebrata
Includes all animals with a spinal column.
Class Mammalia
Warm-blooded vertebrates with mammary glands.
Order Carnivora
Mammals primarily adapted for eating meat.
Family Canidae
Family of mammals including dogs and foxes.
Genus Vulpes
Genus of true foxes, includes Fennec fox.
Species Epithet
Second part of a species' scientific name.
Phylogeny
Hypothesis of ancestor-descendent relationships.
Sister Taxa
Two species most closely related in phylogeny.
Nodes
Points representing common ancestors in trees.
Cladistics
Classification based on shared derived characteristics.
Synapomorphy
Shared derived character state among taxa.
Homology
Similarity due to common ancestry.
Analogy
Similarity not due to common ancestry.
Monophyletic Group
Includes all descendants of a common ancestor.
Paraphyletic Group
Includes some, but not all, descendants.
Polyphyletic Group
Group based on homoplasious characters.
Principle of Parsimony
Prefers simpler explanations for evolutionary relationships.
Outgroup
Defines ancestral state in cladistics.
Homoplasy
Similar traits not due to common ancestry.
Distance-Based Methods
Phylogenetic analysis considering evolutionary distance.
Evolutionary Rates
Different species evolve at varying rates.
Fennec Fox
Small fox native to North Africa.
Amniotes
Tetrapods that evolved from amphibians.
Carboniferous Period
Time when amniotes evolved, 310-329 mya.
